Cause And Effect Of Smoking - 1622 Words

Smoking, a practice of inhaling and exhaling smoke from burning tobacco, is a problem that is notorious for causing the death of more than 7 million people every year, and around 890,000 of those people are non-smokers that were exposed to second-hand smoke (World Health Organization). According to â€Å"Your Health Today: Choices in a Changing Society,† smoking causes cardiovascular disease, lung cancer, chronic obstructive pulmonary diseases because of the content of approximately 600 chemical ingredients, which yield more than 4,800 substances when burnt (Teague 336-338). Not only are the smokers themselves harmed, but also non-smokers that are exposed to smokers’ second-hand smoke, especially women, children, pregnant women, and fetus. For†¦show more content†¦At the same time, tobacco was listed in U.S. Pharmacopoeia, the government’s official list of drug (Gene Borio), but it was removed as the tobacco state legislators were bribed. Not until the d angerous effects of tobacco use become more noticeable did people realize that it was hard to quit consuming the cancerous substance, and the government made many efforts in an attempt to reduce tobacco consumption. In 1906, U.S. Justice Department was against the American Tobacco Company, the second-largest corporation in the United States, by filing charges anti-trust (Gene Borio). Not giving up, cigarette companies tried to get more loyal customers by sending millions of free cigarettes to the troops during World War I, getting more soldiers to smoke and be addicted so when they came home, they will have to buy cigarettes. Despite the increase of more researches that prove the fact tobacco worsens people’s health, cigarette companies still deny it, while promoting â€Å"healthier† choices of tobacco products such as added filter and less toxic ingredients. After Congress passed the Federal Cigarette Labelling and Advertising Act, surgeon general’s health warn ings appear on cigarette packages by 1966 (Gene Borio). Federal Communications Commission also required one anti-tobacco advertisement for every three tobacco advertisements, called TV fairnessShow MoreRelatedCause And Effect Of Smoking1375 Words   |  6 PagesNow we know the most lifesaving way to prevent this is to quit smoking, but did you know people who are exposed to second hand smoking can also get lung cancer, even though a person quit smoking it may have impacted, the cigarette smoke, into someone else’s body. Cigarette smoke is full of cancer-causing material, called carcinogens, this changes the lung tissue right away. Fundamentally, the human body may be able to restore the damage. With each repeated vulnerability, normal cells that line theRead MoreCause And Effect Of Smoking1386 Words   |  6 PagesSmoking via a cigarette is a preventable habit that people develop when they become stressed, feel the need for social acceptance or wanting a satisfaction relea se of hormones. Cigarettes contain nicotine; a highly addictive group of chemicals that when inhaled spread through the body via the lymphatic system. Smoking has both internal and external repercussions including a depletion in oxygen levels and gangrene respectively. Smoking has been directly related to many types of cancers and ailmentsRead MoreSmoking Cause And Effects Essay1269 Words   |  6 PagesSmoking is very dangerous, and it has many effects on the health of people. The correlation between smoking and numerous diseases is very high. Throughout the paper, numerous effects are discussed. The change that smoking causes in people’s moods can lead to addiction. Addiction leads to an increased intake of chemicals. The chemicals that are in cigarettes are linked to numerous diseases. The toxic chemicals, such as arsenic and cyanide, are not healthy to ingest. They can potentially lead to atherosclerosisRead More The Causes and Effects of Smoking Essay1028 Words   |  5 PagesThe Causes and Effects of Smoking Scientists and health officials have been arguing the detrimental effects smoking has on our health for many years. Smoking can lead to serious complications including asthma, pancreas, lung and stomach cancer due to the large number of carcinogens (cancer causing chemicals) and other various substances added to it. It is a health hazard for both smokers and non-smokers and it is especially harmful to unborn babies. Although smokers claim that it helps them toRead MoreSmoking Causes and Effects Essay989 Words   |  4 PagesSmoking has become a trend in today’s world, even though people know how harmful it is. Smoking causes are obvious it will ruin your health and give you series of health issues. In America 85% teenagers first start smoking from the age of fifteen and sixteen, smoking tobacco is really addicting. Smoking causes heart diseases, blood pressure, series of cancers such as, lung cancer, mouth cancer and throat cancer. I have noticed that many people in my relat ives who smoked all their youth quit smokingRead MoreCause And Effect Essay About Smoking880 Words   |  4 PagesDid you know that smoking has an impact on your health and can affect your whole body? The number one cause of disease and death worldwide is smoking, which claims more than 480,000 American lives each year. Every day more than 3,800 children in the US under the age of eighteen smoke their first cigarette, not knowing the risks they are taking. Every year, around half a million Americans die at a young age due to smoking or secondhand smoke with another sixteen million living with a serious illnessRead MoreCause and Effect on Smoking Cigarettes Essay884 Words   |  4 PagesSmoking is Unhealthy for Everyone Smoking cigarettes is hazardous to the body for many reasons, and it also affects not only human beings but our environment. Smoking cigarettes can be harmful to both the environment and humans because of the many chemicals and substances that produce this hazardous product. Smoking cigarettes reduces your ability to do things that require endurance, such as sports, and exercise. The tar in the cigarettes covers up alveoli, which help you breathe, which makesRead MoreCauses and Effects of Smoking in Our Life990 Words   |  4 PagesSmoking has become one of the world’s main concerns after the realization of its effect on human health. Tobacco was first introduced by Native Americans. Tobacco was known to be harmless and a stress reliever. Eventually, smoking became popular all over the world and as normal as food. The increase in technology has brought out all the negative aspects and the side effects of smoking. Scientific analysis has proven that smoking is one of the main causes for death in the world. Since smoking hasRead MoreCause And Leading Causes And Effects Of Smoking Cigarettes1059 Words   |  5 PagesSmoking Cigarettes Cigarettes are a lot like hamsters. Both are harmless until you put one in your month and light it on fire. Cigarette smoke contains more than 7,000 chemicals. 43 of those chemicals are known for causing cancer and 400 other toxins. In the United States, 20.8% of adults’ smoke cigarettes which is 45.3 million people. Smoking cigarettes is the leading cause of preventable disease and death. It is accountable for 1 of every 5 deaths in a year which is more than 480,000 deaths everyRead MoreThe Effects Of Smoking On Public Places993 Words   |  4 Pagesenvironmental tobacco smoke has been an issue. Smoking tobacco products is the leading, preventable cause of death in the United States. More than ten times of the deaths from smoking cigarettes have added up to be more deaths than all the wars fought by the United states (Jones, Page 65, 2016). There are more deaths caused each year from tobacco use than all deaths of HIV, illegal drug and alcohol use, car accidents, and murde rs combined (Judd, page 110, 2009). Smoking harms nearly every organ and part of

The Bridge Masculinity - 1206 Words

‘A view from the Bridge’ by Arthur Miller is set in the 1950’s based around Italian Immigration and the American Sicilian culture in America at that time. The Sicilian attitude towards society’s expectations of gender were very traditional which created the patriarchal society they live in, to which they transferred towards their new lives in the US. This meant men were expected to behave in a typical ‘masculine’ manner such as strong, hard-working and robust whereas women would be stay at home wives, taking care of the family and produce more children, however if someone were to act in a way different to their stereotype they would be outcasted or rejected to society. The definition of masculinity is to be in possession of the†¦show more content†¦This gives an insight into his characteristic flaws. A supporting example of Eddie typifying masculinity is when he projects Rodolpho as an outcast towards society. Im ashamed. Paper Doll they call him. Blondie now.† This expresses a feminine side towards Rodolpho. The audience can intemperate this because blondie is usually associated with a blonde-haired person, typically a woman or girl as a manner of dress and Paper Doll, a piece of paper cut or folded into the shape of a human figure which could refer towards if you close the paper fast, you could blow him over.† However, this does not collide well with Eddie as he would want Catherine to marry a traditional Sicilian American gentleman not somebody who is seen with even a remote figure or action linking to a homosexual. Eddie is shown to be almost embarrassed that people see him as this which creates tension between the two and stops him from even creating conversation, let alone eye contact. Marco represents Sicilian culture, justice and embodies masculinity. He gives the reader the impression that he is well devoted towards his children and wife back in Sicily who are starving, poor with needs of healthcare and medicines. We know that one of the children is suffering from tuberculosis without any medicines whenShow MoreRelatedMasculinity in A View From The Bridge by Arthur Miller Essay662 Words   |  3 PagesMasculinity in A View From The Bridge by Arthur Miller Miller uses several forms of masculinity to show the audience that in different circumstances and cultures different forms of masculinity are possible. This is shown to us by comparing both extremes of masculinity and what they both involve. In the longshoreman culture respect is as much a part of a man as is his own image. This leads to those members of the community going to extraordinary lengths to keep theirRead MoreLanguage And Masculinity : An Article By The Newsweek1519 Words   |  7 PagesMen often feel they have the power of rationality through the words they use and their actions. Women are often viewed stereotypically as not being rational because of their language and their actions. In Victor Sieldler essay â€Å"Language and Masculinity† Sieldler talks about how man’s rationality controls everything he does, from the way a man speaks and acts to the way a man views others. A man’s religion, community, and family can affect this rationality. In an article by the Newsweek, it explainsRead MoreA View from the Bridge by Miller1609 Words   |  7 PagesMiller’s A View from the Bridge, originally written in 1956 as a one act play, has many features of a classic Greek tragedy. It is set in the Italian-American neighbourhood, situated in Red Hook, near Brooklyn Bridge in New York. It is in this community Miller chooses to dramatise themes of conf lict, betrayal, love and obsession. The underlying omerta is present throughout the play and is the reason for the conflict as it is defied by Eddie Carbone, the Italian longshoreman, who destroys himselfRead MoreMass Shootings And Its Effects On Society1523 Words   |  7 Pagesmalls, and even movie theatres have all endured the horrific violence. Mass shootings are nothing new, however, they seem to be occurring more often and are becoming more and more violent. The three leading factors to mass shootings are problematic masculinity, mental illness, and gun control. Mass shootings in the U.S have many different causes as to why they occur. USA Today mentions that breakups, estrangements and family related problems make up the majority of mass killings. Although, many seemRead MoreFight Club Analysis1125 Words   |  5 PagesMasculinity and Anti-capitalism in FIght Club I am planning to write about the 1999 film Fight Club, directed by David Fincher. This movie is about a nameless insomniac office worker (the narrator) who has become, as he views, a slave to consumer culture. He begins attending support groups for diseases he doesn’t have to subdue his emotional state, and he begins to sleep again. He meets Marla Singer, another fake attendee of support groups, she is an incredibly mysterious woman who is obviouslyRead MoreEssay on A View From the Bridge - Arthur Miller1514 Words   |  7 PagesA View from the bridge by Arthur Miller Examine the ideas of manliness, hostility and aggression in a view from the bridge. How are these ideas connected? In this essay I will examine the ideas of manliness, hostility and aggression are connected to each other in a view from the bridge. The play is set in a slum near the Brooklyn Bridge. In the story the main character is Eddie carbone and we see many sides to this character throughout the play. Eddie carbone is a middle aged man Read MoreMan s Conformity : Hegemonic Masculinity1427 Words   |  6 PagesMan’s Conformity to Hegemonic Masculinity The notion of hegemonic masculinity has altered the field of gender studies and many academic arenas. An idea popularized by R.W. Connell, hegemonic masculinity has played an integral role in the emotional development of American men, articulating the impact that this societal construction has had on the concept of American masculinity. It is a contested topic, yet the impacts that it has in terms of sexuality, struggles for power and political leadershipRead MoreAnalysis Of Rosemary Traore s The Phycology Of Prejudice 1085 Words   |  5 Pageskey to creating a more harmonious environment for everyone in the group? This article by Cynthia Cockburn, War and Security, Women and Gender: An Overview of the Issues, addresses the gender division of war and the significance of men and  masculinity in processes of militarization. In state of prepping for war, male dominated societies see a diversion of spending from social  provision to the armed forces, accompanied by an increase in patriarchal ideology and  authority. â€Å"Women and men play broadlyRead MoreEssay on Arthur Millers A View From the Bridge1160 Words   |  5 PagesArthur Millers A View From the Bridge Manliness, Hostility and Aggression are all important in A view from the bridge where Eddie Carbone plays the main character he is a longshoreman working on the Brooklyn docks in New York. He tries to keep his status as the man in his household. He is very hostile towards Rodolfo because he thinks he is a homosexual. Marco knows Eddie feels this way about Rodolfo and is unhappy that Eddie feels this way about a member of his family. This createsRead MoreThe Effects Of Traditional Masculinity On Gender Equality1318 Words   |  6 PagesEffect of Traditional Masculinity on Gender Equality The idea of â€Å"doing gender† was introduced by West and Zimmerman in 1987. They conceptualize gender as a routine accomplishment that is created and maintained through everyday interaction. Instead of seeing masculinity as something that just happens to men or is done to men, masculinity is seen as something that men do. Specific patterns are learned through the socialization process that appropriately represents masculinity (West, Zimmerman). This

Assignment Sample on Effect of Industry Environment on Merger and Acqu

Ques: In the global oil sector the pace of strategic growth through mergers and acquisitions has paused during the past decade. Compare and contrast the conditions in the industry environment between the 1990s ad today which effected M+A? Contents Introduction Merger and Acquisition in US from 1990 to 2000 Achieving synergies Diversification of assets Response to volatility in price Merger and Acquisition post Global Financial crisis Merger and Acquisition trend in the oil industry from 2013 Conclusion Reference Introduction Mergers and acquisitions are very important for organizations to respond to the changing strategic environment. In order to maintain competitive advantage it is essential for organization to merge with strong companies. Successful companies can grow faster through the process of merger or acquisition by combining their strengths with the merged firms. Acquisition leads to extinction of the weaker companies as they are acquired by large and successful firms. But over the years there has been sharp decline in the strategic growth of the oil industry by merger and acquisitions. The intent around MA has declined. Even after five years of the global financial crisis, companies are waiting for recovery in order to have a long term sustainable growth (Weston, Mitchell Mulherin, 2004). The trend for merger and acquisition in the oil industry has declined in the 2013. The major trends seen in the oil industry in 2013 are both upward and downward. The upward trend in the oil industry is as follows The oil prices have favored the oil weighted merger and acquisitions (Reuters, 2014).The availability of capital and the favor received from the corporate finance market has played a positive role in the confirmation of deal.Gas weighted producers have continued to balance their portfolios by acquiring oil assets.In Asia and the Caspian Sea regions oil companies are active and have made 10 largest deals in 2013 (Forbes, 2014). The downward trend in the oil industry in 2013 is as follows Merger and acquisitions transactions are not preferred by Gas weighted companies. They do not want to add further gas assets. They tend to focus on a single horizon.Companies whose PE ratio is good are targeted for merger and acquisitions. But they have avoided the growth through merger and acquisitions. They have preferred to enter into the public market via IPOs ('Trends Influencing Oil Gas Mergers and Acquisitions', 2014;p-1-2). Merger and Acquisition in US from 1990 to 2000 The US petroleum industry has witnessed 2600 transactions of merger and acquisitions between 1991 and 2000. The merger and acquisition was seen in upstream, mid-stream and downstream segments. 85 % of the merger and acquisition was seen in the upstream segment. On the other hand 13% of the merger and acquisition was seen in the downstream segment. 80% of the transactions were via merger where one company purchased one segment of the asset of another company. On the other hand 20% of the transaction was via acquisition. The major reasons for the mergers in US in between 1990 and 2000 are as follows Merger and acquisitions increased the growth of the companies. Still this is a fact that there was positive synergy via merger and acquisition.The companies were able to diversify their assets via merger and acquisition. Merger and acquisition led to reduction in capital expenditure. In US petroleum industry merger and acquisition led to increase in the market concentration. This resulted in the rise of market power of the companies (United States of America Congressional Records, 2007). Between 1994 and 2002, the market concentration of the oil industry increased. It was found that 46 states in United States and District of Columbia experienced highly concentrated markets in 2002 in comparison to 1994. In the US petroleum industry, merger and acquisition has led to change in various aspects of the market structure. Merger and acquisition has led to vertical integration. In order to achieve competitive advantage vertical integration in the US petroleum industry was necessary(Kokemuller, 2014). There have been 8 mergers during 1995 to 2001 which led to vertical integration of the US petroleum industry.The petroleum industry in the world has been influenced by three major entities. They are Standard oil, the seven sisters and the OPEC. Achieving synergies Merger and acquisition in the 1990s led to benefits to the oil companies. It led to positive synergy by combining the strengths of both the companies. This led to the increase in motivation among other oil companies for merger. It was beneficial for one oil company to perform two related activities than two specialized oil company perform them separately. This will lead to cost reduction. The synergy created by merger drive growth of the firm. Some significant mergers that occurred in the 1990s to 2000 are Sunocos acquisition of Pride Refining in the year 1999. They acquired the crude oil transportation and marketing business of the organization. And 1999 another acquisition created positive synergy was of Tesoros acquisition of BP Amocos West coast marine fuels. Diversification of assets Firms need to diversify their portfolio in order to maximize the profit. The petroleum industry merger led to increase in profit of firms(Reuters, 2014). In 1990s some of the firms increased their reserves of natural gas via acquisition. Oil firms want to merge or acquire gas companies, since oil and natural gas are produced jointly. If the oil prices are low during a certain period of time, the sale of gas can serve as a cushion during low periods.In 1999, Dominion acquired Remington Energy Ltd (company that produces natural gas). This acquisition led to the increase in natural gas reserves of Dominion by one trillion cubic feet (PRnewswire.com, 2014). Response to volatility in price According to the World Bank (2000), increase in volatility of the oil prices led to large number of mergers in the 1990s. The collapse in the process of crude oil in 1996 and 1998 made long term investment in the capital market difficult. This led to distress amongst the high cost producers. They became the takeover targets. Shale gas exploration has affected the merger and acquisition across the countries. There has been tremendous growth in China as it has highest numbers of Shale gas reserves. They have entered into strategic partnership with foreign companies that have helped China to equip them with the necessary technology. An agreement was signed between USA and China in order to measure the shale gas reserves of USA and China. Technically China was helped by USA in the exploration of Gases. Thus China could explore the gas with ease. The contract between the two countries was highly successful in exploring shale gas (Shale Gas: Global MA Trends, 2014;p-1-15). There have been several demergers in the oil industry since 1990 that has affected the various transactions of the oil industry. There has been demerger of Gulf oil , Reliance industries that has affected the overall scenario of merger and acquisition in the oil industry(Moneycontrol.com, 2014). The lubricant business of Gulf oil has been very successful They wanted to explore the market as a separate entity (Reporter, 2014). They wanted to start a large expansion project for the expansion of their business. Growth was the major motive of the demerger strategy of Gulf oil. This will improve the profitability of the organization. Demerger also affected the merger and acquisition in the oil industry (Gulfoilcorp.com, 2014); (Bureau, 2014). Merger and Acquisition post Global Financial crisis The key reasons for the merger and Acquisition activities during 2008 are many. First and foremostis that there was increase in the activities in Oil field services (OFS) space which led to the rise in the contract prices. Another reason was increase in competition between the International oil companies and the National oil companies(JAFFE SOLIGO, 2014; p-10-40); (Agashe, 2010; p-1). Also, the new entrants in the hydrocarbon sector were a major contributor of increased merger and acquisition. Between 2008 and 2010 there was announcement of 650 oil and gas mergers. Among the deals announced, 69% of the deals achieved success. The merger activity was seen mostly in the upstream segment. 70 % of the deals were in the upstream segment. There was increase in the number of merger and acquisitions in the year 2009-10 than in 2008-09. The merger and acquisition in the oil industry was dominated by North America. They entered into 134 deals. The merger and acquisitions in the Middle East was limited in comparison to other countries. The most affected place was South America which signed only 19 deals between the periods of 2008 to 2010. In 2008 and 2010, USA and Canada were in the topmost position in making merger and acquisition deals. India was at the 11th position in signing the merger deals. Reliance was at the lead position from India in making the merger deal. They acquired 5% stake Chevron in the Reliance Petroleum limited. The largest merger and acquisition deal was by Sun cor. Suncor acquired Petro Canada. These two companies became a globally competitive integrated energy company. They maintained a balance portfolio of high quality assets. After the merger, the balance sheet of the company became strong(ENERGY MA TRENDS in Canada, 2014; p-1-8). This made the investors confident about the company. The merger of the two companies led to 300 million of annual savings by reducing the operating expenditure. It also increased the efficiency of the annual capital by 1 billion dollar. This was achieved by the elimination of the redundancies. High return capital budget investments were made. The reasons for the merger and acquisition during the period of 2008 and 2010 after the global financial crisis are many. The rise in the number of merger and acquisitions was a result of the financial distress of the small oil companies as a result of global financial crisis. Also the hefty prices that was paid for some of the deals were a result of the financial distress of some of the oil companies.Major oil companies that were involved in the upstream activities acquired oil and gas companies to increase their market sharewhich they were not able to sustain and develop (fas.org, 2012). The financial investors and the pension funds participated in the buyouts by investing in the oil and gas companies. These deals were majorly seen in North America and Europe. According to Deloitte (2010), financial difficulties of the major companies resulting from oil spill from their assets in the region of Gulf of Mexico resulted in increase of merger and acquisition.The midstream companies entered into merger and acquisition as it was a part of their forward integration strategy.Merger and acquisitions continued between midstream companies as a strategy for horizontal expansion. This resulted in covering larger and new markets for the growth of the organization. The current market conditions are encouraging merger and acquisitions. The growth in the merger and acquisition activities in 2007 was 50% more than the previous year. The major driving factors for merger and acquisition during this period of time were increase in competition, entry of new players in the market, volatile oil prices(ey.com/, 2014). Merger and Acquisition trend in the oil industry from 2013 In 2013, the transactions of the upstream merger and acquisitions were the lowest(Ey.com, 2014). From the period of 2010 to 2012, the merger and acquisitions of the upstream assets was around $600billion. The highest transaction was seen in 2012. But in 2013, there was a fall in the merger and acquisition transaction. It fell to $136 billion. There was a fall of 43 % from 2012 in the number of merger transactions. In 2013, China was the largest buyer in the oil and gas market worldwide. It has spent $22.2 billion(Gordon, Tao Sautin, 2014). The demand for energy is shifting towards the emerging economies like China, Middle East and India(How will global energy markets evolve to 2035? 2014; p-1-5). They have contributed for more than one third of the energy demand of the country. The development cycle of the emerging economies and Europe and North America are different. The difference is due to the shift in demand and growth of resources of the oil and gas companies in the emerging economies(Kaixi, 2014). For the oil and gas industry, 2013 was a year that concentrated on the improvement of existing assets rather than the acquisition of new ones. The former three years saw a surge in merger and procurement (MA) movement as the business concentrated on stretching grounds and boring rights to exploit high oil costs, seeking after rising unpredictable shale plays, and assessing oil sands prospects. In 2013, numerous makers concentrated on creating properties gained in earlier years to be specific, on streamlining operations and boosting profits for resources. This stress on improvement and natural development helped a drop in both arrangement qualities and the aggregate number of arrangements finished. All around, the business saw a drop of 41 percent in arrangement values, from $349 billion in 2012 to $205 billion in 2013, and a fruition of 119 less arrangements in 2013 than in the earlier year. The oilfield administrations area kept on being influenced by expense control endeavors of makers, as numerous bigger organizations started to concentrate on the productivity of advancement expenses, including merging the quantity of administrations and gear suppliers they contract, to help drive productivity and expense intensity. In 2013, the oilfield administrations area arrangement qualities were down, yet the number of transactions rose, which could show the segment might be ready for merging, particularly of littler organizations furthermore those with particular innovations. Private value likewise demonstrated an enthusiasm toward this area. While bargain movement keeps on being commanded by the investigation and creation (EP) segment, the biggest arrangement of 2013 the $6.7 billion buy of Repsol's Latin American resources by Shell originated from the midstream division. As we move into 2014, arrangement movement could move from the upstream division to midstream base and d ownstream operation. The focus of the global oil and gas companies in 2013 was developing the existing oil and gas companies instead of getting into new deals. They focused on organic growth rather than acquisition. This resulted in the decline in the number of deals in 2013 by 16%. Compared to 2012 there was a decline of 41% in the value of the deal. The major reason for the decline in the merger and acquisition transactions in 2013 was the uncertain economic and political conditions of the country. The budget battles and the shutdown of the government, uncertainty of the fed policies has led to the decline in strategic growth of the merger and acquisitions. The decline in was the largest in the period of five years. There was fall in the number of deals of United States and Canada by 21 percent. The decline in the number of transaction also extended to Middle East, Europe, Asia and Africa(pwc.com, 2013). The major reasons for the decline in merger and acquisition transactions in 2013 are as follows The appetite for merger and acquisition declined as a result of the stability in the oil prices. The rise in the economic growth of the country with rise in demand could not affect the increase in merger transactions. The geopolitical upheavals in Libya, Syria could not affect the oil industry in US. The US shale offset the impact of the geopolitical disturbances in the world. So, the buyers in the previous years had turned into sellers in the 2013. The greatest example of this is the sale by Suncor. It sold its natural gas business(Snow, 2011). In spite of the decline in the merger and acquisition transactions in 2013, the business hints at a bounce back heading into 2014. Cool climate is relied upon to give a support to common gas costs, which have seen a late uptick in the United States also crossed $5.50/mmbtu in late January 2014, the largest amounts since February 2010.3 Remote financial specialists likewise keep on focusing on securing North American supplies. Restored discourse of changes, particularly as they relate to oil industry procurements, for example, the treatment of elusive penetrating expenses, could goad more movement in 2014. In the meantime, the Federal Reserve's report that it will end its financial jolt project could reason investment rates to climb, along these lines making a motivating force to finish bargains before obtaining expenses increment. The remark of the Federal Reserve will provide more clarity to the merger and acquisition transactions in 2014. Private value firms have put intensely in v itality as a resource class, riding the wave of action that started with the shale blast. As the three- to five-year skyline numerous firms look for a return comes into center and trusts see great estimating open doors, more may look to adapt their interests in 2014. Late raising support endeavors for vitality centered trusts will keep on driving private value interest in the space. Canada will keep on being an appealing venture, particularly for majors and substantial incorporated organizations searching for lower-hazard ventures. Canada proceeds to be seen as a generally steady environment regarding making a venture versus other worldwide open doors. While ventures north of the outskirt may collect more consideration in 2014, substantial U.S. organizations will be looking southward too. Late changes in Mexico are opening up that conceivably lucrative business to outside speculation shockingly since the business was nationalized in 1938. That could energize joint wander and acquisitions on both sides of the fringe, as Mexico's national oil organization, PetrleosMexicanos, or Pemex, may look to overhaul its mastery. Arrangement stream may increment in 2014 as organizations are tested to look for more funding to discover assets, complete undertakings, and keep up store substitution proportions over 100 percent. In the long haul, the level of interest in North Ame rica required to keep up present levels of yield and meet anticipated future long haul interest is relied upon to drive an enormous level of well action and oil sands advancement, which will proceed down the worth chain(RothenbuecherSchrottke, 2014); (PwC, 2014). Conclusion The trend of merger and acquisition has been changed significantly. In 1990s there was a rise in the transaction of merger in the oil industry but 2013 saw a decline in the number of merger transactions. Oil industry is one largest industry in the world. Merger and acquisition will drive the growth of this industry. The major reasons for merger of the oil industry are creation of synergy, diversification of the assets, and increase in market share and reduction in costs. These factors has surged the growth of merger and acquisition from 1990 to 2012. The factors leading to the decline in merger and acquisition in 2013 are political conditions of the country, lack of interest to make new deals and uncertainty in the Federal Reserve policies. References Agashe, G. (2010). BIG OIL FACES GLOBAL COMPETITION FROM NATIONAL OIL COMPANIES. pipelineandgasjournal, [online] 237, p.1. Bureau, O. (2014). Gulf Oil Lubricants credit rating upgraded by ICRA post demerger. [online] The Hindu Business Line. Deloitte,. (2010).Mergers Acquisitions Global Oil Gas Sector. Retrieved 1 November 2014. ENERGY MA TRENDS in Canada. (2014). 1st ed. [ebook] pp.1-8. Ey.com, (2014). Ernst Young LLP Says 2013 Deal Activity Will Remain Near 10-Year Low. ey.com/, (2014). Global oil and gas transactions review 2013. fas.org, (2012). Financial Performance of the Major Oil Companies, 2007-2011. Forbes,. (2014).Is Big Oil Gearing Up For Mega-Mergers?. Gordon, D., Tao, W. and Sautin, Y. (2014). Chinas Oil Future. [online] M.ceip.org. Gulfoilcorp.com, (2014). GULF OIL Corporation Limited - Media. How will global energy markets evolve to 2035?. (2014). 1st ed. [ebook] pp.1-5. JAFFE, A. and SOLIGO, R. (2014). THE INTERNATIONAL OIL COMPANIES. 1st ed. [ebook] pp.10-40. Kaixi, H. (2014). Oil Companies Using New Logic in Their Overseas Acquisitions. [online] english.caixin.com. Kokemuller, N. (2014). The Advantages of a Vertical Integration Strategy. [online] Small Business - Chron.com. Moneycontrol.com, (2014). Gulf Oil Corporation demerger into two listed companies. Prnewswire.com,. (2014).Dominion Sells Natural Gas Assets in British Columbia. PwC, (2014). Foreign buyers prop up deal activity in the US Oil Gas industry as private equity pauses during first quarter 2013, according to PwC US. pwc.com, (2013). Assemblingvalue. Reuters, (2014). Price fall hastens decline of big oil as Western majors retreat. Reporter, B. (2014). Gulf Oil Corp to retain 3 divisions after demerger. Rothenbuecher, J. and Schrottke, J. (2014). To Get Value from a Merger, Grow Sales. [online] Harvard Business Review. Shale Gas: Global MA Trends. (2014). 1st ed. [ebook] pp.1-15. Snow, N. (2011). Deloitte: Oil, gas MA activity near pre-recession level. PENNWELL PUBL CO ENERGY GROUP 1421 S SHERIDAN RD PO BOX 1260, TULSA, OK 74112 USA. The World Bank,. (2000).The world Bank: Partnerships and development. United States of America Congressional Record. (2007). Trends Influencing Oil Gas Mergers and Acquisitions. (2014). Latham Watkins, [online] pp.1-2. Weston, J., Mitchell, M. and Mulherin, J. (2004). Takeovers, restructuring, and corporate governance. Upper Saddle River, N.J.: Pearson Prentice Hall.

Omnibus Bills of the National Congress in the US

An omnibus bill refers to a law that is still in the proposal stage but it includes unrelated subjects. Anything can be included in an omnibus bill. The bill itself is a single legislation document that can be passed in one voting session. An omnibus bill usually includes a main subject (for example, budget) but it may still address other unrelated issues (like healthcare).Advertising We will write a custom article sample on Omnibus Bills of the National Congress in the US specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More For example, a bill that is primarily meant to amend budgetary allocations might still introduce amendments or new laws on unrelated issues. The unrelated issues are often referred to as â€Å"pork†. In the United States, omnibus bills are mostly used by the National Congress. Omnibus bills have been used when passing legislations in the United States for a number of decades. The first widespread use of omnibus bills was d uring the 1970s. During this period, the United States changed the manner in which budget legislation was undertaken. The Congress decided to include all the aspects of a federal budget in a single bill. This bill accounted for the legislation requirements of different departments and their budgetary allocations. The motive behind instituting omnibus bills is that they act as a timesaving mechanism for law making bodies. An omnibus bill takes less time to debate on, vote on, and pass. If these bills were to be tabled and discussed independently, it would take much more time to pass them. Although omnibus bills save the Congress a lot of time and resources, they also have their disadvantages. Most omnibus bills are enormous and they may include many pieces of legislation. For example, Canada once passed a 126-page omnibus bill that consisted of 120 amendments (Krutz 216). The enormity of such bills makes it possible for legislators to â€Å"burry† items in an omnibus bill. Cit izens are usually unable to identify the buried items until it is too late and the bill has been passed. Once it becomes apparent that a bill consists of â€Å"hidden† items, there can be efforts to amend the finer details of the bill adding more workload to legislators and bill writers. In the last ten years, there have been calls to substitute omnibus bills with clean bills. Clean bills do not include unrelated issues in one piece of legislation. However, even clean bills can still include unnecessary appropriations. This happened in 2009 when the spending bill was signed into law. Some parties argued that this bill contained an extra eight billion dollars in additional appropriations. There were also calls for President Obama to veto this bill on the account of these additional appropriations.Advertising Looking for article on law? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More There are various instances in the recent past when om nibus bills have been used in the United States. One of the more popular bills of this nature is the $700 billion bank-bailout bill passed in 2008. This bill contained very unusual elements. For example, one amendment concerned the â€Å"Mental Health Parity Act† (Krutz 214). This amendment required insurance companies to harmonize medical and mental health insurance services. Attaching this insurance law to a bailout bill is one of the confusions that arise from omnibus bills. Omnibus bills work on the principle of joining different legislations with the aim of simplifying the law making process. However, omnibus bills are susceptible to abuse and their use is usually accompanied by various controversies. The basic architecture of an omnibus law is similar to the operations of a public service bus. Therefore, an omnibus bill is like a â€Å"busload of laws† in a single bill. Works Cited Krutz, Glen. â€Å"Tactical Maneuvering on Omnibus Bills in Congress†. Amer ican Journal of  Political Science 23.1 (2009): 210-223. Print. This article on Omnibus Bills of the National Congress in the US was written and submitted by user Chance Q. to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.