Holfstede’s Cultural Constraints Essay

In his article â€Å"Cultural Constraints in Management Theories,† G. Holfstede (1993) argues his main point that there is really no universal management theory, such that the means to manage organizations greatly vary across countries and cultures. For instance, the concept of management in the United States is different from, say, Asia or Europe, let alone apply to the two latter regions. A specific management concept or practice may be accepted in America but it does not mean that it is also accepted in some other part of the world. Holfstede begins by exploring the origins of the concept of management in cultures in varying times and notes the differences in the management theories. For example, managers are said to be cultural heroes in British and American regions while Germans see the engineer as the one having a heroic role precisely because German presidents and CEOs already have mastered their specialized skills and, hence, does not call for a manager. In Japan, the permanent worker group bears the ‘heroic role’ and that these workers are controlled not by managers but by their group. French people, on the other hand, do not have the notion of managers as Americans know of them. Rather, French workers think of one another as cadres, cadres being a social class obtained by learning at the proper schools and a social class maintained for a lifetime. Another case is that of Holland where the practice of managing people rests on the need for a consensus among all the involved individuals. These practices are established neither by contractual relationship nor by class distinctions but by an open-ended balancing of interests and exchange of views. In essence, Holfstede firmly maintains that the American concept of management theories vary from nation to nation and culture to culture. That being said, no management theory unique to a certain country or culture can perfectly apply to another culture and country precisely because of the variations among these cultures and countries. Reference Holfstede, G. (1993). Cultural Constraints in Management Theories. Academy of Management Executive, 7(1): 81-94.

Evaluating Selected Human Resource Essay

Purpose – The purpose of this report is to evaluate the actual practices in terms of two themes Decision Making and Use of teams and groups, and find that both of them are useful to be in criticically analyzing and understanding the selected organization Beijing YanJing Brewery Co.,Ltd (YJB). Definition- Decision making and use of teams and groups are both important in organizational management. Decision Making is understood as management’s task par excellence-the bureaucratic cogito (the thinking brain) whose decisions the corporate body should follow (Clegg, Kornberger,Pitsis, 2008, p.286). The organization, which can make efficient and effective decisions can have a major impact on business sustainability and agility. (Metcalfe, 2003). Simultanelouly, according to some scholars, teamwork also plays an important role in ensuring human relations within organizations; that they are productive, cohesive, and aligned with the organizations outcome while also balancing people’s desire for meaning, autonomy, and social relations (Clegg, Kornberger, Pitsis, 2008, p.122). Structure – The report is mainly divided into three sections: 1. Briefly introducing YJB’s background, including: the number and type of employees and numbers and roles of managers. 2. Describing the actual practices of the YJB in terms of the above two themes; 3. By critically analyzing the actual practice, including the positive aspects, as well as negative aspects, the author gives a brief assessment of how useful the two themes can be in critically analyzing and understanding YJB. First, to help find the negative aspects, which need to be improved; Second, to help find the factors that cause these problems. The last is to help find ways to improve. 1 Background The author has worked as a secretary in YJB for the past four years after graduate from the university, where the main tasks include writing reports and documents for the managers. YJB is one of the top 500 lucrative industrial enterprises of China, one of the top 100 breweries. The Corporate Culture is dedication, creation, collaboration and master spirits. At present, it boasts of 29 affiliated companies, including 21 breweries and 8 relevant or attached enterprises ( Li 2007). 1.1.1The Structure of Management It Sets up Shareholders Meeting, Board of Directors and Board of supervisors Meeting. Shareholders Meeting is the company’s highest authority; The Board is the main decision-making Agency; The Board of Supervisors Meeting are directing the above managers. The organization structure is broken down further as follows: * Members of Board: There is one Chairman (Li Fucheng), two Vice Chairman(Zhao Fang and Li Hua) , ten directors, and five independent directors. Li Fucheng is the Chairman of the Board and also the General Manager. * Supervisory Board members: There is one Board of Supervisors President (Zhang Ming ), two Supervisors (Gong Ming and Sun Chao) . * Other Deputy managers: There are Seven Deputy managers.They are responsible for Finance, Infrastructure, Service, Technology, Production, Marketing and Archives Business. The specific roles of the managers see Chart 1. Chart 1: Beijing YanJing Brewery Co., Ltd. Organization and Management 1.1.2 The Structure of Employees YanJing has a total of 29,275 employees, and can be divided into five types: production 17,466, sales 5,203, technique 4,267, finance 497?,administrative staff 1,842?. High school (including technical secondary school) or higher education accounted for approximately 57.8% of the total number of companies. Various types of professionals are with 43% of the total number of workers, production and marketing of first-line account for 80% of the total number of workers. 2 Findings 2.1 Decision Making 2.1.1 Decision-making styles In YJB, centralized decision making is in place, the most important decisions are made at the upper management. In other words, the Parent company’s board has the final decision-making power; the subsidiary managers have no authorization to make the important decisions, such as investment. Thus, they are required to continually submit periodic reports. 2.1.2 Decision-making Levels Company takes Shareholder Meeting, Board of Directors, General Manager hierarchical decision-making system. * Strategic decisions Strategic decisions are decided by the Meeting of Shareholders, which has the highest authority. The strategic decisions are those that affect the general direction of the organization (Davis, D 2004, p.3). In YJB the strategic decisions include those, such as product of market development, investment decisions, etc. * Tactical decisions Tactical decisions are mainly decided by the Board. The examples of tactical decision making in YanJing are those, such as budget allocations, personnel assignments, minor resource commitments, promotional mix decisions, and other short-term internal assignments. * Technical decisions Parts of the technical decisions are decided by the Deputy Managers. Technical decisions are routine in nature and deal with the control of specific tasks ((Davis, D 2004, p.4). This includes quality control, payroll, scheduling, and credit acceptance or rejection. Athough aspects can be decided by the deputy managers, the final decision is controlled by the Board ( General Manager). 2.1.3 Decision-making Process * Problem recognition: The first step, the YJB decision-maker receive the problem from Subsidiary or departments, including production, sales, research and development. The recognition process begins when management acknowledges that some situation exists, or will exist, that needs to be acted upon in the near future. * Information search: An information search is the second major stage. YanJing Company use a combination of technologically sophisticated searches by experts and data collection strategies to help identify and solve problems. * Problem analysis: The Company holds a senior management meeting and invite outside experts to discuss the issues, to ensure the problem is thoroughly analyzed. SWOT Analysis (Strengths, Weakness, Opportunities?Threats) are usually used by the company, especially in the investment decisions. * Feasible evaluation. By using project selection models (Meredith & Mantel Jr, 2009, p.42) this allows the Company to make further assessments. The Criterion includes: investment risk, rate of return, consulting costs and acquisition times, etc. * Final decision. Through careful comparative study, from several options, the Board selects the most viable. However, typically, the final decision-making power remains in the hands of the Chairman ( General Manager). 2.2 Use of teams and groups 2.2.1 Rational division of labor YJB Mainly takes three stages to achieve the rational division of labor: * Pre-job training. This stage focuses on theoretical training. As part of the Corporate culture new staff must undertake three months professional training. The once they have pass the final examination, they are eligible for next phase. * Practical tests. After passing the examination, the new staff progress into the operational phase. There is a three-months trial period. Only the new staff who meets job requirements, will ultimately be retained. * Job rotation. Every new staff member in the first year of work period must be tempered to different positions. In YJB, employees are mainly divided into five types: Production, sales, technitical, finance and administrative staff. By rotation. The company can ultimately achieve rational division according to each person expertise. However, the final decision is made by the General Manager Li Fucheng, other managers or low-level personnel have no authority to review, analyze, critique, and recommend courses of action. * 2.2.2 Open discussion. It is usually encouraged that employees actively provide suggestions through various channels, including written reports, direct mail or discussion with the Deputy Managers and any other forms. Moreover, the senior managers frequently come to the production line to listen to staff suggestions and give the feedback on deadlines. To the rationalization proposals, YJB will not only adopt but also give awards to the provider. To some extent this reduces team conflict. 2.2.3 Motivation * Creating motivated work environment: In order to give employees a better working and living environment, the Trade Union usually books the Train tickets for employees to return home. Furthermore, in Women’s Day, the trade union will purchase vouchers or well-being insurance, by which the employees’ belongingness is enhanced. * Performance Award: The employees will be awarded because of high-performance or innovation in the work field. The incentive system includes: bonuses, travel or holidays, etc. * Promotion:It establishes a reasonable promotion system. The staff, regardless of age, qualifications, or who have capacity and outstanding performance, can have the opportunity to be promoted. However, in fact, work experience is considered for promotion more rather than the individual capacity. 2.2.4 Training and development * Top-level training: Company develops and implements a human resources development plan, which includes promoting a number of ability and political integrity of the young top managers into key positions training each year. By doing this, YJB tries to setup a strategic reserve of talent, who understand business, and are good at management. * Low-level training. Staff training is regarded as the core links to improve employees overall quality. YJB invites experts and professors to hold specialized seminars for low-level managers each year; In addition, it organizes technical training for nearly a thousand employees on regular full-time, and selects technicians to advanced countries to study each year. 3 Discussions 3.1 Decision-making Decision Making is important for organization long-term development. Efficient and effective decisions will ensure the company will perform well. Whereas, poor decision making significantly affects company productivity and profit (Sutcliffe & Mcnamaron, 2001, p.357). On the basis of the above analysis, the author learned the following aspects: 3.1.1Positive aspects Generally speaking, YJB takes efficient and effective decisions, which ensure the company’s health and sustainable development. The process of decision-making of YanJing is rational. It is consenus with the rational decision-making model (Robbins, Judge, Millett, Jones, 2010, p.95). As earlier mentioned, YJB’s decision process is broken down into a series of interrelated activities that leads to a choice among alternatives. Apparently, it is actually rational, Open, and transparent. Decision makers in YanJing make judgments that are logical and internally consistent with their goals and preferences. They select the alternative with the highest subjective expected utility, and they follow a systematic process from problem identification to implementation of the selected alternative ( Murray, Poole, Jones, 2006, p.164). In the author’s opinion, that is a main reason to explain why it is only been 30 years that YJB has spent to suppress the development history of other world beer enterprises with 100 years experience. 3.1.2 Negative aspects The power is highly centralized. YJB centralized decision making is in place, most important decisions are made at the top. Subsidiary managers have no authorization to decide the important aspects, regardless of the employees. The reasons to produce this problem may be the Chinese traditional culture impact. Firstly, Culture difference is reflected in values, which in turn affect behavior, including the way in which decisions are made (Albaum, Yu, Wiese, Herche, Evangelista, Murphy, 2010, p.142). In China, Stemming largely from Confucian ethics, these values legitimate paternalism at the levels of family and organization, and patrimonialism at the state level, and provide a moral justification for hierarchy by stressing reciprocal vertical obligations (Child & Warner, 2002, p.30). Secondly, Managerial behavior in modern China has been greatly influenced by political circumstance and the institutional regime. Initially, the PRC managed its labor using a ‘top-down’ model that endured for half a century ( Child & Warner, 2002, p.34-35). The firms tend to operate in a highly centralized manner, in which the entrepreneur-owners tend to maintain their authoritative position through keeping tight control in information and decision making. However, such centralized decision making can stifle the creativity, and flexibility needed by the subsidiary (Luthans, & Davis, 1991, p.179). For example, in domestic situations, with the competition increasing, if the top managers do not decentralize authority and give the local managers greater decision-making power, this will increase the time needed in responding to competitive threats. 3.2 Use of teams and groups Teamwork is the fuel that allows common people to attain uncommon results (Shelton et al., 2010, pp93-114). Effective and proper using of teams and groups will produce positive and satisfactory results (Gilley & Kerno, 2010, pp46-60). Learning from the above analysis, the author found the following aspects: 3.2.1 Positive aspects The YanJing team is united and highly-efficient. The employees worked in YanJing are full of collaboration and master spirits. As management scholars have stated: teams and groups can be the most rewarding ways of doing things. But at the other times teamwork can be frustrating, riddled with conflict and even counterproductive (Clegg, Kornberger, Pitsis, 2008, p.122). However, by taking some useful measures, which include Rational division of labor, Open discussion, Motivation and Training, YJB successfully reduces, even avoids groupthink, social loafing to create. These ways not only promote enterprise development which plays a certain role, it also greatly enhances employee sense of ownership. Moreover, it creates a warm, homelike atmosphere, establishes a high-performance working teams and forms a good corporate culture. This explains why YanJing will get success. 3.2.2 Negative aspects Although, the way of using teams and groups is worthy to be recognized in YJB, there are still some insufficient aspects, such as â€Å"Lack of empowerment†, which needs to be improved for its long-term development. Empowerment means helping to develop in others a sense of self-efficacy, self-determinism, personal control, meaning and trust (Carlopio & Andrewartha, 2008, p.428). To empower means to enable. It means to help people develop a sense of self-efficacy, or to feel successful or effective at a particular task (Geller, 2003). Accordingly, empowered employees are more productive, psychologically and physically healthy, proactive and innovative. They are higher morale and commitment than employees who are not empowered. While, without empowered, employees, organizations cannot adapt, survive or succeed in the long run. However, there is less empowerment in YJB. The reason may also be connected with the different culture impact. Chinese culture has on a high level power distance (Jaw, Ling, Wang, Chang, 2006, p.128). Because of relatively high degree of rights, and there more strict hierarchy this distance between the powers of all levels is large, which the author have mentioned in Assignment 1. A large ‘power distance’ tends to be maintained between top managers and other members of the organization, with relatively little delegation of authority and a strong emphasis on vertical links within hierarchies (Child, J & Warner, M 2002, p.35). 4. Conclusion In summary, after evaluating the practices in above two themes Decision Making and Use of teams and groups, it is found that both of them are useful to be in criticically analyzing and understanding the selected organization YJB. The two themes can help one understand the following three aspects: * Finding the organization management deficiencies, which aspects need to be improved. * Understanding the corporate culture and know that what factors that cause these problems. * Understanding the style of the organization management and whether it is suitable if considering the long term benefits to the company. If not, how to improve. 5 Recommendations & Implementation Taking above analysis into consideration, the findings and discussion in this report support the following recommendations: * YJB should combine both centralized and decentralized decision making, a model like Japan (Luthans,F & Davis, k 1991, p.178). Top management still exercises a great deal of authority over what will be examined at the lower levels. However, working within this framework, lower level personnel have authority to review, analyze, critique, and recommend courses of action. The final decisions are made at the top level after elaborate examination of the proposal through successively higher levels in the management hierarchy, and results in acceptance or rejection of a decision only through consensus at echelon of the management structure. * Within a reasonable range, it should give employees sufficient empowerment and delegation. For example, Managers can by breaking apart large tasks and giving employees only one part at a time. The manager watches for small successes achieved and then highlights and cilebrates achievements (French, Maule, Papamichail, 2009, p.410). Finally, the employees can generate a sense of movement, progress and success. Reference Albaum, G, Yu, J, Wiese, N, Herche, J, Evangelista, F, Murphy, B 2010, ‘Culture-Based Values and Management Style of Marketing Decision Makers in Six Western Pacific Rim Countries’, Journal of Global Marketing, vol.23, no.2, pp.139-151. Carlopio, J & Andrewartha, G 2008, Developing Management Skills: A Comprehensive Guide For Leaders, PEARSON, Australia. Child, J & Warner, M 2002, ‘Culture and Management in China’, in M Warner (ed.), Culture and Management in Asia, Routledge, Britain. Clegg, S, Kornberger, M,Pitsis, T 2008, Managing & Organizations, SAGE,London. Davis, D 2004, Business research for decision making, 6thedn, South-Western College, USA. French, S, Maule, J, Papamichail, N 2009, Decision Behavior: Analysis and Support, CAMBRIDGE, New York. Geller, E 2003, ‘People-based safety’, Professional Safety, vol.48, no.12, pp.33 Gilley, A & Kerno Jr., SJ 2010, ‘Groups, Teams, and Communities of Practice: A Comparison’, Advances in Developing Human Resources, vol.12, no.1, pp.46-60 Jaw, BS, Ling, YH, Wang , YP, Chang, ‘WC 2006†², The impact of culture on Chinese employees’ work values, pp128-144. Li, FC, 2007, A Brief Introduction of YanJing Beer group, accessed 30/07/10 http:// yanjing.com.cn Luthans, F & Davis, k (ed.) 1991, International Management, McGraw-Hill, USA. Meredith, JR & Mantel Jr, SJ 2009, Project management, 7thedn, Wiley & Sons, USA. Metcalfe, D 2003, Enterprise Visibility Makes Decisions Profitable, Cambridge, MA, Forrester Research. Murray, P, Poole, D, Jones, G 2006, Contemporary Issues in Management and Organizational Behavior, THOMSON, Australia. Robbins, SP, Judge, TA, Millett, B, Jones, M 2010, OB The Essentials, PEARSON, Australia. Shelton, P, Alina, M & Makela, C2010, ‘Highly effective teams: A relational analysis of group potency and perceived organizational support’, Advances in developing human resources, vol.12, pp.93-114 Sutcliffe, KM, G Mcnamara 2001, ‘controlling decision-making practice in organization’, Organization Science, vol.12, no.4, pp.484-501. Appendix: The history of corporation( YJB) : The YJB was established in 1993, but early in 1980 its brewery was founded. It elaborately creates its corporate culture by a long-term cultivation of the spirits of â€Å"being whole heartedly dedicated to work, starting an undertaking through hard labor, struggling against formidable tasks, working with the overall situation in mind in tandem with the colleagues, and sharing the worries of the enterprise as the enterprise owner†. At present, it possesses tangible assets valued at 10.7 billion RMB Yuan and the capacity of the annual beer production has surpassed 3 million kiloliters. Which makes it rank at the first place in the output and production of beer nationally, and this position has been kept till today. In the course of 30 years’ development, YanJing has taken the road of development by inner expanded and insisted on annual technology reconstruction. There is progress every year. And the development has undergone four stages: 1980-1988: complete the transformation from a small-scale brewery to a large-scale brewery; 1989-1993: complete the transformation to a large-scale brewery; 1994-1998: complete the transformation to a large-scale beer enterprise group; 1999 to now: increase over 300,000 tons each year; complete the transformation from a regional enterprise and brand in Beijing to a nationwide large-scale enterprise and nation-famous brand. It is only 30 years that YJB has spent to suppress the development history of other world beer enterprises with 100 year!

Economics and Book Online Essay

1. Liza needs to buy a textbook for the next economics class. The price at the college bookstore is $65. One online site offers it for $55 and another site, for $57. All prices include sales tax. The accompanying table indicates the typical shipping and handling charges for the textbook ordered online. a. What is the opportunity cost of buying online instead of at the bookstore? Note that if you buy the book online, you must wait to get it. The opportunity cost of buying online instead of at the bookstore would be whatever is you would need to give up to get the book online. This would mean that the opportunity cost of buying online would include the sum of the shipping charge and the time that you would spend waiting on the book to arrive. If you buy the book at the store, you would be able to get the book the same day but it would also mean losing out on the possible savings that you would get if you bought it online. b. Show the relevant choices for this student. What determines which of these options the student will choose? So if Liza buys from the bookstore it would cost $65. If Liza decides to buy online from the first store the cost would vary. The price of the book from the first online store would be $55. Next day air to get the book in one business day would cost an additional $13.98. ($55 + $13.98 = $68.98). Her next choice would be to use 2 days shipping which is an $8.98 charge also from the first site. ($55 + $8.98 = $63.98). Next she could use 3-7 day shipping for a $3.99 shipping charge. ($55 + $3.99 = $58.99) The next online site charged $57 for the book. If she chose 1 day shipping it would cost ($57 + $13.98 = $70.98), 2 day shipping would cost ($57 + $8.98 =  $65.98) and 3-7 day shipping would cost ($57 + $3.99 = $60.99). So from looking at the information here it would be unlikely that Liza would purchase from the 2nd online store and I don’t see her buying it from the first online store and using next day shipping because that would cost her $68.98. It is hard to tell from the information whether or not Liza has enough time between now and her next class to wait the 2 or 3-7 for shipping. It would be helpful to know if her class was tomorrow or next week and depending on what time of day she orders the book online or if it is over a weekend or close to a holiday that would also push the shipping date back some. Also where she lives in the U.S. sometimes plays a factor in shipping times. 2. In August 2007, a sharp downturn in the U.S. housing market reduced the income of many who worked in the home construction industry. A Wall Street Journal news article reported that Wal-Mart’s wire-transfer business was likely to suffer because many construction workers are Hispanics who regularly send part of their wages back to relatives in their home countries via Wal-Mart. With this information, use one of the principles of economy-wide interaction to trace a chain of links that explains how reduced spending for U.S. home purchases is likely to affect the performance of the Mexican economy. I think in this case this may fall under Principle #10: One person’s spending is another person’s income according to our textbook. If you start from the top of the chain that may include lenders and financial institutions that are funding a construction or real estate project or they are finding that they are taking a high risk because more people are defaulting on the mortgage loans. If that takes place then this hurts the lenders because there will be less potential home buyers because of people losing jobs and finding it harder to find work so in return that will make the real estate market crash. This chain of events will make it harder for the contractors to keep some of their workers and be forced to fire people so that will make it harder for the Mexican community to send money back to their families which is why it will also hurt Wal-Mart’s wire-transfer business. 3. During the Great Depression, food was left to rot in the fields or fields that had once been actively cultivated were left fallow. Use one of the principles of economy-wide interaction to explain how this could have occurred. For this I would say that Principle #11: Overall spending sometimes gets out of line with the economy’s productive capacity, would fit this situation. Because there was not as much spending going on during the great depression that also would mean that there would be less people buying products such as foods from the fields. The food that was already produced or grown would be left to rot if the sellers could not find any buyers. As it says in our textbook, â€Å"in the 1930s, spending fell far short of what was needed to keep American workers employed, and the result was a severe economic slump. In fact, shortfalls in spending are responsible for most, though not all, recessions.†

Economic and Political Environment of Orange Mobile Essay

Economic and Political Environment of Orange Mobile - Essay Example The state of social stability within the environment also often becomes the cause of vast development in a certain industry and insufficient funding in another. The extent of influence produces by various conditions within the environment differs for one industry and for another. There are companies, which businesses are so vital to the community, which government strives to maintain stability within their environment. On the other hand, there are companies that must adjust themselves to changes in their environment without significant bargaining powers to question the situation. It is important to recognize the differences of corporations regarding to this issue. Within this elaboration, I am discussing the effect of political and economic changes in the environment to the telecommunication industry. The objects of study are Orange Mobile, one of the market leader of the telecommunication industry in Europe, and several of its competitors. The purpose of the elaboration is to define the extent to which environmental changes contributes to the changes of corporate strategy or corporate operation within the telecommunication industry. ... To date, Orange Group companies have a strong business in United Kingdom, France, the Netherlands, and various other nations in Europe. Furthermore, the Orange brand has also operated in several Asian countries. The company launched its business to the public of United Kingdom in 1994. However, it is not until 2 April 1996 has the company underwent its first initial public offering with the shares being listed in the London and Nasdaq markets. The company obtained its first million customers in 1997 and named as the best performing share in 1998 under the name Orange Plc. In June 1999 Orange is described as 'one of the outstanding business success stories of the past few years' and a company who has 'courageous vision and commitment to the long running potential of mobile telecoms ('History of Orange', 2005). III. Influential Aspects III.1 Earlier Market Condition In its first year of operations, the group faced difficult times. The social condition of the market was hardly conducive for development of mobile phone business. The mobile phone markets in 1994 were a confusing place for customers in UK. Digital networks are new stuffs and only few people understand the benefits. Tariffs regulations are complex and prices are high making the industry only attractive to business customers. For illustration of the inconvenient system, users had to sign-up to a three year contract, with high monthly rental fees, high call tariffs and with little flexibility regarding the type of services offer ('History of Orange', 2005). Today however, the business has developed into millions of dollars worth of industry in UK. Rapid innovation produces new types of communication services, competing in terms of prices and service qualities.

Central Engineering and Research Group (CERG) Essay

Central Engineering and Research Group (CERG) - Essay Example This approach means a move from a traditional 'control' type approach which accepts, implicitly, that defects will occur. Joseph M. Juran proposes the tools of control including the Bell system of sampling, the Shewhart control charts and inspection plans. These models could be successfully applied to CERG, but they will be replaced by modern theories of quality and cost control. The human dimension (training, education, cultural diversity management) proposed by Juran helps to motivate and inspire employees. For CERG, Juran's human approach help to create continuous motivation to achieve quality improvements, supported by appropriate education and training. Place emphasis on education will affect attitudes and motivation to achieving quality improvements. Also, Juran identified such threats as resistance to change and cultural resistance as important areas of concern. If staff are informed of changes, are encouraged to adopt a positive attitude and have personal involvement in the implementation of the change, there is a greater likelihood of their acceptance of the change (Beckford, 2002). Juran applied the Japanese philosophy on quality into Western management practices emphasizing the role of human resources and control. New quality programs should comprise a quality plan which offers a structured, disciplined approach to quality and incorporates a numbe r of tools and techniques. Particular emphasis is given to the collection and analysis of information and to employee training. It is culturally based with involvement as a core philosophy. W. Edwards Deming identifies '14 Points' which have a great impact on productivity and profitability of the company. His theory is based on process orientation which means a product quality throughout production. "It is not enough to just do your best or work hard. You must know what to work on" (Beckford, 2002). Deming creates a four step approach to quality and productivity which can be applied to CERG: plan-do-check-act. Also, he introduced Statistical Quality Control. This theory cannot be applied to CERG, bit it can be used by other departments in order to support CERG activity and increase output. Customer orientation is important for CERG, so the quality program should apply quality control principles to design/specification activities to formalize the mechanism for ensuring that customer requirements are incorporated (Arogyaswamy, Simmons, 1993). Philip Crosby marked a new era in quality management and control. His concept, "doing it right the first time" (DIRTFT), is successfully used by different industries and companies. The main principles of quality include: (1) quality is conformance to requirements; (2) the management system is prevention; (3) the performance standard is zero defects; (4) the measurement system is the cost of quality. CERG can use these principles as a core of quality philosophy. Following Crosby, quality is based on goals, measurements, and cash incentives for employees and management. It also has some aspects of quality circles. In order to make the program work, CERG should introduce: a motivational package, a prevention package (reducing management controlled defects), procedures to provide for feedback. Within CERG, low motivation results in high level of mistakes and 'defects'. For this reason, these elements of zero defects and the cost of qualit

PACE-Professional achievement and employability Coursework

PACE-Professional achievement and employability - Coursework Example All professional bodies include guidelines on ethical behaviors, ethical decision making, protection of others rights and carrying out the duties with professional competence. Importance of Code of Practice: Professions require code of practice in order to provide a single behavioral pattern to the members. It works as a central lead and reference for the members to carry out their daily tasks and decision making. This code helps in maintaining the ethical behaviors and provides unified principles of conduct to the members. Professionals are given a sense of unity and oneness regardless of the differences that exist between them using a number of principles and regulations. It acts as a single platform to guide ethical behaviors and justifiable activities under the light of a single and fixed path provided to professional in the form of code of practice. Ethical: Code of practice helps in giving clear understanding about the profession’s work path, values, aims and objectives. These codes are valuable in motivating ethical professional behavior of the members. The members get clear understanding of what is expected from them as a professional and tend to follow those guidelines provided to them.

The impact of World War II Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

The impact of World War II - Term Paper Example The roaring 20’s also give the rise to employment laws and regulations, which consisted of minimum wage, 8 hour work shifts, and 5 days of regular work. Ford was the first company to introduce this idea behind a clever strategy of consumer spending. If it enabled its workers to have spare time, they would spend it in leisure which would boost the nation’s economy. The 1920’s also was marked by the Great Depression that occurred post World War I. In addition, the 1920’s signified the ban of alcohol through prohibition, which drastically reduced the death rate from drinking. The 18th Amendment was one of the critical elements that banned.One of the more prevalent and essential events that occurred during the 1920s was discrimination and racism that plagued the nation. The rise of William Simmon in 1920’s was drastic as the emergence of the new Klan began. As immigrants continued to pour in from nations, Simmons used this as fear tactic and as an oppor tunity to reap money where he sold memberships along with life insurances. The rebirth of the KKK continues to gain strong support as, Catholics, Jews and Chinese became target of hate crime. The whole nation and even Congress itself passed the National Origins Act, which limited citizenship to immigrants. Anti-immigration legislation such as this one was a critical element as it marked the beginning of restricting immigrants after the open door policy. The Progressive Era, which lasted until the 1920’s, was a response to an industrial era and a shout for reform.... The whole nation and even Congress itself passed the National Origins Act, which limited citizenship to immigrants. Anti-immigration legislation such as this one was a critical element as it marked the beginning of restricting immigrants after the open door policy. The Progressive Era, which lasted until the 1920’s, was a response to an industrial era and a shout for reform. Its effects touched virtually all Americans and transformed the role of government in American society. The Progressive Movement was successful as it was promoted by both parties in Congress. One of the prominent players in this reform was Theodore Roosevelt, who used his passive presence to dominate the political scene. In two terms of service, he solidified the navy, won the noble prize, aggressively pursued the building of the panama canal, and played a vital role in ending the Japanese-Russian war. He gained popularity amongst his supporters and tremendously helped the nation in the reform movement. Th e New Deal was one of the most essential legislation that continues to be prominent in American history. This deal was introduced by Franklin Roosevelt, who had a vision of reform to boost the United States economy back on its feet. FDR gained so much popularity by citizens that he was elected four times due to his reputation and the ongoing of the War. The New Deal enabled the American government to passively play the role of a â€Å"big government.† Prior to the depression, society felt that the government did not play a big role in regional community. However, that soon changed as the government began to directly implement programs and services that effected peoples’ lives

Consumer Cultures, Environmental Futures Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words - 1

Consumer Cultures, Environmental Futures - Essay Example Catfish is one of the types of fish that people consume, which differentiate the consumers along different lines of the economy, society and political differences. Through this differentiation, people have different perspectives of looking at the catfish both from the perspective they may have from the influence they have from their culture and social ties. The analysis of production and consumption of catfish will help in explaining the various reasons that make it a consumer product of a specific group of people within a society, which may mean a lot of structure formulation within a society. The analysis focuses on the sources of catfish and the places in which it is a common form of food while in some others; it could be a rare commodity (Tucker and Hargreaves, 2004, p.27). Catfish are popularly produced in different places in the world as one of the small-fish that people consume as food for their own and which they sell to a few people around their environment. However, researc h shows that production of small-fish in sector of fishing is an aquaculture that usually target different people who fall in the low economic classes in the society. In the economy, consumption of these small-fish is therefore, related to specific people in the country who could be a having similar general characteristic (Tucker and Hargreaves, 2004, p.39). Catfish is mostly common among the Vietnamese who invest in production of the organisms for food in different place in both large-scale and small-scale levels of the economy. This production is facilitated by the demand that is raised for the food that that has some contents of fish and the different levels of production of catfish through the aquaculture technology implies the different demanding issues that surround food fish production within the society. In this respect, when food fish demand increases, people have adopted various ways through which they can improve the amount of products they obtain from their investment. I n the Vietnamese culture, fish are highly regarded and therefore, people adopt aquaculture in order to meet the local demands as well as the needs of others that are away from the country. In the aquaculture for production of the catfish species of the fish, there are different factors that favour the production in the area, which motivate people to invest in the production as a mode of subsistence or as a commercial activity. In order to produce, people depend on different opportunities that the environment offers, which help people to exploit it for their benefit. In this respect, people have different ways through which they produce the catfish to the different market in Vietnam or away from the country. The most common factors that are important in determining the production of the catfish include the sources of water where the fish will grow, the availability of fingerlings that grow to be the mature catfish and the space that is available for people in to establish their produ ction and the aquaculture. In most cases, people who invest in aquaculture try to establish their production by varying the conditions in the condition of the environment to allow the production even in places that are not very favourable for production. This aquaculture in

Children's Fire Safety Programs in Edinburgh Term Paper - 1

Children's Fire Safety Programs in Edinburgh - Term Paper Example The first level of operational assurance that will be available will be based on the evaluation programs that will be implemented. The surveys that will take place after the programs can be considered and assessed for the short-term goals being met. If the retention levels of the fire hazard programs continue to improve and if the teacher responses are implemented, then it can be seen that the staff are providing the right level for the programs. Continuous innovation and the ability to meet the short-term goals will then provide a stronger basis for the programs and will become a measure of the operational assurance that is a part of the program. This will be furthered by the specific needs that are within the educational areas. Being able to meet these and receiving direct responses from the educational institutions will ensure that there is a higher level of quality that is being met.The operational assurance will then be followed by the understanding that the staff needs to meet the standards that were provided as a main resource in the beginning. Monitoring and mediation will be given to the staff to ensure that they continue to meet the standards that are expected with both the programs and inside the office. By doing this, there will be the ability to ensure that the staff continues to comply with the standards that have been set by past programs. There will also be the ability to ensure that the standards continue to be implemented while raising the standards to current issues that are a part of the community. This will be followed by the ability to create programs that are built from a combination of innovation and basic standards that are in compliance with the expected resources.

Importance of Leadership Style for the Success of John Lewis Coursework

Importance of Leadership Style for the Success of John Lewis - Coursework Example The researcher states that given the competitive nature of the business environment that the firm operates in, and the importance and magnitude of leadership positions, leadership, and leadership style is very important for John Lewis. This will determine how John Lewis is going to be successful in the future as it continues to be an even more important business in the economy. Leadership is the process of coordinating and organizing people, in such a way that they work together as a focused team to accomplish a common goal. Leadership style refers to the philosophy of a leader and how he or she implements his or her leadership. According to BBC online news, the leadership style that a leader chooses to use, either consciously or unconsciously, has a fundamental impact on his efficacy as well as success. In this article, the leadership style of John Lewis is placed evaluated to determine its efficacy and what John Lewis may need to improve to become a better leader. When it comes to leadership, there are significant differences between leaders and managers. One of the main differences between managers and leaders is that leaders have followers while managers manage employees. Unlike a leader who creates and implements change, managers react to change and sometimes it can be too late for them. Managers, unlike leaders, are also likely to be focused on taking credit when they achieve something even if they achieved it through their employees. A leader who focuses on leadership and not management, on the other hand, gives credit to his team and takes responsibility when things do not go as planned or in the desired way. A manager may be focused on developing his career while a leader is taking a group or shared focus where nobody, not even the least import person, in the team is left behind. Managers may be the source of good ideas, but a leader is the one who makes these ideas transform from just being ideas into actual real-life solutions that benefit everyone. In other words, leaders make things happen while managers are just conveyor belts.

Corporate social responsibility provides greater benefits to the Essay

Corporate social responsibility provides greater benefits to the organisation than it does to society and other stakeholders - Essay Example Banerjee approach on social responsibility can be viewed on how he has approach the concept in trying to give some of the advantages and disadvantages. Historically the social helped in development of corporation and allows devolution of power from the central government to the local citizens and help in improving the economy both politically and economically. In USA social responsibility has helped in revolution of legal structures and effective government policies to deal with social responsibility however critics have stated that social responsibility should be volunteerilism not by ensuring they are incorporated in the law and must act in the interest of the society as well (Banerjee, 2008). Corporate social responsibility is self regulating by ensuring that one complies with the community needs as does is best to better the society he or she is operating his business. A business activity should be for the general good of the employees, owners, consumers and society.CRS creates c ustomer loyalty to a brand of product hence business is able to beat competition in the market; it also leads to employment opportunities in the society. Businesses with volunteerism work records have advantage in acquiring license to operate in different areas without restriction and high taxations. Supply contracts have being awarded to those companies that have clean records of contributing to the wellbeing of the community.CRS strategies should be aimed at building capacity that will help in reduction of poverty levels in a region , promote giving that increases security and human , property rights according to international standards, reduce corruption and bribery and increase accountability and transparency. Friedman’s social responsibility model can be divided into two the business and to the beneficiaries. Where the business has obligation to respect what the shareholders aim to achieve, keep costs low, ensure they comply with the state laws and also follow the ethica l customs in the area of operation, ensure they give room for free and open market competition and not to be involved in unlawful transactions. The community also has a role to play by providing labor force, creating good working condition for the business and also be actively involved in social activities (Cosans, 2011). Arguments for social responsibility According to Buchholtz corporate social responsibility should include; production of goods and services, solving social problems, simple market transactions. Milton Friedman focused on the idea that social responsibility of business is to increase its profit. The use of available resources and should increase profit, in free and fair competition .arguments in support for social responsibility is that managers have to ensure they increase the shareholders wealth should be increased. Policy making should be left to be decided by the state, giving is encouraged and engaging in social responsibility by owners of firms. Firms should a ct in a free and accountable ways to ensure it does not affects the society breaking the law and protect the environment. Act in a way not to affect objectives of the firm and consider interest of others. Arguments against Milton Friedman is that although he argued a firm should make as much as possible he does not limit this to existing laws of production ,exploitation and property right. (Schwartz & Saiia) Strategic

Islamic Unit Study Guide Essay Example for Free

Islamic Unit Study Guide Essay In Arabic, the word â€Å"Islam† means submission or surrender, it is derived from the root word â€Å"salam† in which you can also derive the root words peace and safety. 2. What is Zamzam? The name of the holy well located in Mecca believed to be revealed when Abraham’s infant son Ishmael kicked the ground desperate for water. Millions of Muslims today drink from the well while performing their pilgrimage to Mecca 3. What is the Ka’bah? One of the most sacred sites in Islam, it is a large marble structure located in the middle of al Masjid al Haram (Sacred Mosque). It’s said to be built by Abraham and his son Ishmael to dedicate to Allah, and also houses the sacred Black Stone. No matter where you are, Muslims supposed to be facing the direction of Kaaba when in prayer. 4. Fully describe the role Abraham played in Islam. Ibrahim is considered to be the father of both Arabs and of Jews according to Muslims. It’s also believed that he is neither a Jew nor a Muslim, but somebody who is a hernif somebody who essentially and intrinsically knows that there is really only one God. Much of what Islamic tradition is about, along with rituals such as the Hajj stem from the pre-Islamic era and are translated into Islamic rituals through Ibrahim. The Kaaba was built because God spoke to Ibrahim about constructing a sacred house for God. 5. When was Muhammad born? 570 AD, Mecca 6. What did Muhammad dislike about his birthplace, Mecca? It was filled with idol worship and when he was assigned by God to call people to Islam per God revelation of Quran to him, the disbelievers disliked his views against discrimination. The people of Mecca were steeped in their ways and opposed Muhammad and his small group of followers in every way. 7. Describe the â€Å"Night of Power† and how Muhammad became the Messenger of God. The Lailat ul-Qadr or â€Å"Night of Power† is the night in which the Holy Quran is revealed to the Prophet Muhammad. At the age of 40, while engaged in a meditative retreat, Muhammad received his first revelation from God through the Archangel Gabriel. Muhammad began to recite the words he heard from Gabriel and to preach the truth which God had revealed to him. . What is the â€Å"Night Journey? † Be sure to include in your answer a discussion of Isra and Miraj. The Night Journey starts out with the Isra, where Gabriel presents to Muhammad the heavenly winged steed called the Buraq. With the Buraq, he then journeys to the Al-Aqsa Mosque in Jerusalem where he met and prayed with Prophets Moses, Abraham, Jesus, and John. Gabriel then gives Muhammad the decision to dri nk the wine or milk, Muhammad chooses the milk which fulfills the prophecy. After this, is the Miraj, where Muhammad is ascended into heaven and passes the seven heavenly realms, where he meets God. 9. What is the significance of Medina? It’s considered the first Islamic Republic and is the location of the first Mosque built 10. Describe in detail the Five Pillars of Islam:  · Shahada : It is the declaration of belief in the oneness of God and acceptance of Muhammad as Gods prophet.  · Salat : The practice of formal worship to Allah  · Zawat :  · Sawm : Arabic word for fasting regulated by Islamic jurisprudence. In the terminology of Islamic law, the observance of sawm during the Islamic holy month of Ramadan.  · Hajj : the pilgrimage to Mecca that every Muslim is required to make at least once in his life, provided he has enough money and the health to do so 11. Briefly describe the conflict between the Sunni and Shi’ite Muslims. The schism occurred when the Islamic prophet Muhammad died in the year 632, leading to a dispute over succession to Muhammad as a caliph of the Islamic community spread across various parts of the world which led to the Battle of Siffin. Sectarian violence persists to this day from Pakistan to Yemen and is a major element of friction throughout the Middle East. 12. What does â€Å"caliph† mean? The chief Muslim civil and religious ruler, regarded as the successor of Muhammad. 13. What is an â€Å"Imam? † The title of a Muslim leader or chief 14. Describe in detail the holy writings of Islam:  · Qur’an : the sacred text of Islam, divided into 114 chapters, or suras: revered as the word of God, dictated to Muhammad by the archangel Gabriel, and accepted as the foundation of Islamic law, religion, culture, and politics. Hadith : Hadith is the collection of the Prophet Muhammad’s statements and actions coupled with the statements and actions of his companions believed to have been collected 150 years after Muhammad’s death, and it is the basis of jurisprudence for Islamic or Sharia law. Muslims classify hadith in four different categories. The first three categories refer specifically to Muhammad. Awl are the transmissions of Muhammad’s statements, filiare the transmission of Muhammad’s deeds or actions, and taqrir are the actions or deeds of the Prophet’s companions or others that Muhammad has approved of. The fourth category of classification is qudsi, which are the Prophet’s words, inspired by Allah, that are not recorded in the Quran.  · Sharia : the moral code and religious law of Islam. Sharia deals with many topics addressed by secular law, including crime, politics, and economics, as well as personal matters such as sexual intercourse, hygiene, diet, prayer, and fasting. Though interpretations of sharia vary between cultures, in its strictest definition it is considered the infallible law of God—as opposed to the human interpretation of the laws 15. Describe in detail the Aqida. Be sure to include the six articles of the faith. 16. Explain the concept of Jihad. Be sure to include the meaning of the word â€Å"Jihad,† and the distinction between â€Å"Lesser Jihad† and â€Å"Greater Jihad. † 17. What is the meaning of the Star and Crescent Moon, the symbol of Islam? The crescent moon and star symbol pre-dates Islam by several thousand years when polytheism was the majority in the Middle East. The crescent and star are often said to be Islamic symbols, but historians say that they were the insignia of the Ottoman Empire, not of Islam as a whole. 8. What is the Aqiqa? Islamic practice of shaving the head of the newborn male and contributing the weight in silver for charity as well as 2 lambs. One lamb is slaughtered for a baby girl. 19. Briefly define the following groups:  · Nation of Islam : an organization composed chiefly of American blacks, advocating the teachings of Islam and originally favoring the se paration of races: members are known as Black Muslims.  · Wahabi : a follower of ? Abd al-Wahhab (1703–1792), who stringently opposed all practices not sanctioned by the Koran. The Wahhabis, founded in the 18th century, are the most conservative Muslim group and are today found mainly in Saudi Arabia.   The Twelvers : the largest branch of Shi’ite Islam. Adherents of Twelver Shi’ism are commonly referred to as Twelvers, which is derived from their belief in twelve divinely ordained leaders, known as the Twelve Imams, and their belief that the Mahdi will be none other than the returned Twelfth Imam who disappeared and is believed by Twelvers to be in occultation. 20. Define the following terms:  · Arabia Peninsula of southwest Asia between the Red Sea and the Persian Gulf. Politically, it includes Saudi Arabia, Yemen, Oman, the United Arab Emirates, Qatar, Bahrain, and Kuwait. Arabia has an estimated one third of the worlds oil reserves.  · Allah Islamic word for God  · Ishmael Son of Abraham  · Muslim A believer and follower of the teachings by the Prophet Muhammad  · Mecca City is Saudi Arabia, the religious centre for one of the five pillars of pilgrimage (hajj)  · Abu Bakr One of the close companions of Prophet Muhammad and the first caliph  · Khailifahs Muslim religion leaders or chiefs Mosque Muslim house of worship  · Ramadan The ninth month of the year in the Islamic calendar, a time of fasting.  · Hajj The religious pilgrimage to Mecca, one of the five pillars of Islam  · Sufism Islamic mysticism  · Ali Cousin and son in law of Prophet Muhammad, a caliph  ·  · Hidden Imam Twelver Shii doctrine holds that the twelfth imam did not die but went into a spiritual form of existence known as occultation, and will return at the end of time as a messianic Mahdi to restore justice and equity on earth. The sacred dress of Muslim pilgrims, consisting of two lengths of white cotton, one wrapped around the loins, the other thrown over the left shoulder.  · Kafir Infidel or pagan  · Id Al-Fitr A festival that ends the fast of Ramadan  · Id Al-Adha Commemorates Abraham’s willingness to sacrifice his son Ishmael  · Sunnah The way of life prescribed by the normative of Islam  · Tawhid Asserting and maintaining the divine unity, Islams central doctrine.  · Ummah Means â€Å"the people† in Arabic, it refers to collective community of Islam peoples

Behavioural Analysis in this reflective essay

Behavioural Analysis in this reflective essay The reflective essay will analyse my behaviour in accordance with my personality traits and motivational factors. Since, this essay compromises of reflective and behavioural analysis,definition of Behaviour;â€Å"Behaviour is an aspect of an individuals mind, the manner in which one reacts when one is confronted with a circumstance or an event† (Vecchio, Hearn Southey, 1992).Every individual possesses a unique behaviour of itself as it is directly proportional to the occurrences of events in their life. In this essay I will discuss my scores based on assessment question and support them based on my behavioural experiences within the particular environment, some of the results were surprising and I got to know positive as well as negatives aspects of my behaviour analysis. Behavioural Analysis in this reflective essay is based on the questionnaire â€Å"What about me† focusing mainly on personality insights (1.A.1 to 1.A.5) and motivational insight (1.C.1 to 1.C.10) listed in the organizational behaviour self assessment library CD, version 3.3 (Robbins Judge, 2007b). Beginning with the personality side of my behaviour; the initial analysis of (I-A-1). Whats my basic personality? (Robbins Judge, 2007b) .It accessed highly on conscientiousness with a score of 14, 13 extroversion, 13 Agreeableness,13 Emotional Stability and 9 openness to experience. Gordon Allport says that personality is â€Å"the dynamic organisation within the individual of those psychophysical systems that determine his unique adjustments to his environment† (Robbins, Millett Waters-Marsh, 2004, pp.100). A high score of 14 on conscientiousness is completely appreciated as I am conscientious and achievement oriented, decision of Principal and Staff in school to elect me as Head Boy during School (2002-03) proves a worth here, during my term I achieved objectives and goals allotted in my mission. Academic Awards in Science, Mathematics and Hindi, Inter School Sports Trophy for Soccer and Cricket, and Cultural Fest. I agree on my score of extroversion.I was the Student Coordinator for College Management Fest (MATTRIX 2007-08).I was coordinating with college teams from states all together. Agreeableness, the score of 13 is well suited to me,I am a person who can be trusted and cooperative, this quality was right there from childhood, in our Boarding School (Scindia School) we had Cafe Distribution,I was always considered for the distribution due to trusting and cooperative nature. Emotional stability score was unexpected,I partially agree with it, though I am not a calm person nor enthusiastic to the extent of my score of 13, when I was working with AOL (America Online Ltd.) during my tenure once I had to handle a situation where the customer was very impatient and non cooperative, even after I had resolved his Technical problem he was not agreeing on the fact that the problem was solved, it was already 45 minutes on that call,I really lost control over it, with a rude tone I just hanged up the call. I agree, I am not very open to experience and feel the moderate score of 9 (I-A-1) is justificable.Most of the times I prefer familiar things, but sometimes I do have wide range of interests and a fascination with novelty and innovation which is evident from the fact that I went to a trip to a place called Panchmari (India) which was about exploring the deep forests and attending a military training camp. Coming to (I-A-2) â€Å"Whats my Jungian 16 type personality?†. My personality has been classified as ENTP type i.e. extrovert, intuitive, thinking and perceiving. It surprised me as I dont consider myself as a complete extrovert but person bordering on an introvert.I am a talkative person.I socialise well with people.During my flight to Melbourne I was in constant touch with the people around asking them about different things and restless trying to make contacts.But I avoid talking to people who tend to have an effect on me indirectly or directly as I can feel the negative vibes coming out of them, its my mental conditioning, this is also justified by psychologists who term it as â€Å"operant conditioning which means to develop a behaviour in order to gain a positive reward or prevent a negative event in ones life† (Robbins, Judge, Millet Waters-Marsh, 2008).I think a lot before presenting anything let it be a project or any decision. The only fact of â€Å"Whats my Jungian 16-type personality?† which I agree with is P type personality i.e. Perceiving.I think â€Å"if a person cannot self actualise their own worth its their destiny†. When I was in International Conference at Bangladesh we were given a group activity where this guy called Andrew from UK was very reluctant about a last minute change which a group decided,he just decided to back up and the group didnt have a problem from him backing out as I took the responsibility of covering the topic which he was suppose to,and we actually managed to be one of the top five teams scoring an average in the competition. (I-A-3) People with type-A personality are ones â€Å"who are geared towards making constant effort to gain more and more in limited time even at times of opposing forces which makes them impatient† (Robbins Judge 2007a).I took a hasty decision of giving 300$ to a landlord for booking a room for me as I didnt have accommodation arranged and I had applied for an on campus accommodation,but the university didnt give confirmation on campus accommodation so just one day before the check out I went and paid the amount to book a room,to my surprise I got a room confirmed the same evening, I landed up paying the 300$ which went waste.In group many a times my friends have pointed me out for cutting their conversation and interrupting in between even before they finish their conversations,these behavioural characteristics justifies my assessment score of 117. Ambiguity (I-A-4) is the ability which I developed as an when I stepped in outside world, a score of 21 is positive indication. In my previous company I was asked to sell a Swaraj Mazda bus to an unknown customer, it was a bit difficult situation as I use to handle Administration,but taking it as a challenge I sold 2 vehicles to the customer and was rewarded for it, this can be related to Variable ratio schedule also i.e. â€Å"reward varies relative to the behaviour of the individual†.(Robbins, Judge, Millet Waters-Marsh,2004, pg no.52). Creativity (I-A-5) is â€Å"Individualistic, novel, idea generating process†. (Gregory. B Margaret. A,1990, pp.210).I completely agree with my score of +3,as I am not creative to an extreme level.Sometimes I am creative by adding idea and thought to an ongoing process.During a Soccer match when my coach was suggesting a plan to be followed and he was surprised by an idea which I gave to implement in that plan which was more result oriented. Discussing questions on â€Å"Motivation Insights†. Motivation is the act of triggering an individual to strive towards their established goals in order to achieve it successfully (Robbins Judge, 2007a). (I-C-1) ‘What motivates me?†. I have been judged to have a high growth need of 16, which I completely agree. Alderfers ERG (Existence, Relatedness and Growth) theory classifies existence, relatedness and growth needs as three major groups of needs (Robbins Judge, 2007a). According to his theory different individuals attach different degree of importance to each of the above mentioned need categories and can strive to satisfy any of the need groups without following a set pattern which is in slight contrast to Maslows hierarchy of needs theory which followed a order in which lower level needs were satisfied before higher level needs could be satisfied (Robbins, Judge, Millet Waters-Marsh, 2004).Success achievement, that is what I desire.While working with Earnest and Young(Financial Organisation) I was able to analyse the financial markets and convert money into more realisable asset.I will pursue the same career with added value to my knowledge after MBA.Existence need s, score of 13 is not agreeable as I am considerate of job security within the organisation.I was offered a job in Northern Trust Co. to pursue a training in US for which there was no job guarantee so I rejected the offer. Discussing about dominant needs (I-C-2), my score is fair in terms of Achievement-21, Affliation-15, Autonomy-15 and Power-16. I think â€Å"no one is perfect; all improve from their past exposures†.I always try to perform better than my previous performances specially in studies, the difference can be seen in my Marks Cards from 12th Grade till Date as it shows an upwards trend.With success you automatically gain power its a proven fact which drive others towards me, in class whenever there was group presentation most of my classmates preferred my group.McClellands theory of needs also consider achievement, power and affiliation as three most motivating needs (Robbins, Judge, Millet Waters-Marsh, 2004). (I-C-3) â€Å"What Rewards Do I Value Most†?.I tend to get motivated by factors like Recognition, Job Security,Prestigious Title etc.Score of 5 in recognition and job security is agreeable as I like to be appraised for my work.I was judged as the best Speaker for the Debate competition held in Mayo College.I prefer a permanent job rather than a temporary job, you cant actually focus on your work and strive through efficiency if you are not secured in an organisation..My score of 4 in Good pay, prestigious Title, Interesting work, Chances to advance and friendly co-workers holds a little less importance. Discussing (I-C-4) â€Å"Whats My View On The Nature Of The People?†, I believe my score of 19 is truly justifiable, as I fall in between theory X and theory Y.I have a tendency to work with different individuals,it is a perfect picture of my view on nature of people.My class was divided into groups having rivalries but I was comfortable adjusting with everyone. (I-C-5) â€Å"What are my Course Performance Goals?†.Score of 11 has completely impressed me.I am a Goal Oriented individual.I decided to pursue MBA and will be specialising in finance as this directs me towards my objective.One factor I think is missing with performance goal is time which is explained in the Enriching Goal-Setting Theory with Time: An Integrated approach (Fried Slowik, 2004), according to this theory most of the motivation plan fail to integrate the time factor and hence are not completely valid as past, present and future depend a lot on time. (I-C-6) â€Å"How Confident I am in my abilities to succeed?†, score of 30 is perfect as I am confident.I took the challenge to pursue MBA in Melbourne even after the great media hype about Indians getting attacked. (I-C-7) â€Å"Whats my Attitude towards Achievement?†.Score of 43 Favour Seeing Successful People fall and 51 Favour Successful People Rewarded is sarcastic.It hardly affects me considering others success stories.It was great to see my friends accepting rewards for scoring high marks in 10th Grade and there were people who were expecting the reward but were not given,it didnt have much effect on me. (I-C-8)â€Å"How sensitive am I to Equity Differences†?,(I-C-9) Whats my Jobs Motivating Potential? , and (I-C-10) Do I want an Enriched Job?, the scores for the above questions were (I-C-8) 27, (I-C-9) 170, and (I-C-10) 4.1 . I dont agree with my score of 27(I-C-8) as it states category Entitleds,I am justified with the category Equity sensitive.I was involved in rotract club of my college where we conducted a blood donation camp it was a team effort we appreciated the consequences with equal appreciation, relating to Equity Theory â€Å"it is an exchange perspective, a perspective that views behaviour as a process in which workers exchange appropriate work behaviours for desired consequences† (Gregory B, Margaret A, 1990, pp.165).The MPS and enrichness in job result are nearby average indicating attachment towards challenging work and growth which motivates me to an extent.I was in Administrative department for Swaraj Mazda I had to make a marketing plan which I compl eted in a month.I realised my capabilities in Marketing field,the motivation provided by the Managing Director proved an added advantage. In Job Characteristics Model by J. Richard Hackman and Greg Oldham â€Å"there is set of job characteristics and these characteristics affect behavioural outcomes†. (Stephen P, Robbins, Timothy A,13th Edition,2009,pp 217). In the above essay I have analysed my behaviour in respect with the results provided by taking the questionnaire in the self assessment library (Robbins Judge, 2007b). It was a great discovery I could say about my behavioural and motivational aspects, quite surprising in few questions like Equity Differences, Extroversion, and Emotional Stability where I didnt agree with my results, but at the same time I have been able to identify positive personality motivational traits like conscientiousness, A type personality, growth relatedness needs which I value more in an organisation, I am a highly achievement oriented individual which motivates me a lot specially now doing my MBA at La Trobe University, the confident aspect considering my abilities to succeed in what I do is comparatively high. Overall the assessment results has given me a bird view point about my negative indicators and an opportunity to convert them into positive indicators of behavioural aspect and strengthen the per sonality aspects already acquainted by my personality. REFERENCES Fried, Y. Slowik, L. H., (2004), Enriching Goal-Setting Theory With Time: An Integrated Approach, Academy of Management Review, 29, 3, pp. 404-422, Wayne State University, (Accessed on 19th July, 2009). Robbins, S.P., Millett, B. Waters-Marsh, T., (2004), Organisational Behaviour, 4th Edition, Pearson Education Australia, Australia. Robbins, S.P. Judge T.A. (2007a), Organizational Behaviour, 12th Edition, Prentice Hall, Upper Saddle River, New Jersey. Robbins, S.P. Judge T.A. (Eds.) (2007b), Prentice Halls Self-Assessment Library Version 3.3, Pearson Prentice Hall, New Jersey. Robbins, S.P., Judge, T.A., Millett, B. Waters-Marsh, T., (2008) Organisational Behaviour, 5th Edition, Pearson Education Australia, Australia. Vecchio, R. P., Hearn. G. Southey, G., (1992), Organisational Behaviour: Life at Work in Australia, Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, Australia. Stephen P. Robbins , Timothy A. Judge, (2009) Organisational Behaviour,13th Edition, Pearson Prentice Hall, New Jersey. Gregory B. Northcraft, Margaret A. Neale, (1990), Organisational Behaviour (A Management Challenge), The Dryden Press, a division of Holt,Rinehart and Winston, Inc. APPENDIX S.P. Judge T.A. (Eds.) (2007b), Prentice Halls Self-Assessment Library Version 3.3, Pearson Prentice Hall, New Jersey App. 1 1.A.1 Whats My Basic Personality? App.2 1.A.2 Whats My 16-Type Jungian Personality? App.3 1.A.3 Am I a Type-A? App.4 1.A.4 How Well Do I Handle Ambiguity? App.5 1.A.5 How Creative Am I? App.6 1.C.1 What Motivates Me? App.7 1.C.2 What are my Dominant Needs? App.8 1.C.3 What Rewards Do I value Most? App.9 1.C.4 Whats My View On The Nature Of The People? App.10 -1.C.5 What Are My Course Performance Goals? App.11- 1.C.6 How Confident Am I In My Abilities to Succeed? App.12- 1.C.7 Whats My Attitude Toward Achievement? App.13- 1.C.8 How Sensitive Am I To Equity Differences? App.14- 1.C.9 Whats My Jobs Motivating Potential? App.15- 1.C.10 Do I want an Enriched Job Questionnaire and Results are attached.

The Graduate Essay -- essays papers

The Graduate This paper will be both a critique as well as an analysis of the relationships between both my generation and the time period in which the movie took place. In the critique, I which to look at the movie score and the dependency that I felt Ben and Katherine had for each other. There were several issues that I felt my generation had in common with Ben's generation. These issues were the need to rebel and the detachment we feel from our parents. There were several aspects of the movie, which I think should have been removed. The first aspect is the movie score, which was sung by Paul Simon and composed by Simon and Garfunckel. In my opinion, the music was very folksy. Folksy in the way that it should be something that people meditate to not listen to on a movie screen. I also felt the movie score did not fit in with the movie, because the music was too mundane for the fast pace of the movie. The next aspect is the dependency that Ben and Katherine had for the other. I do believe that they really loved each other, but that each person represented something that the other did not see in themselves. I felt that Katherine saw in Ben his rebellious behavior which she wish she had and Ben wished that he had Katherine's quiet and peaceful spirit. I really felt this movie related to my generation because it touched on a few important issues that are still common now. These issues are the need to rebel from society, and the detachment from the parent...

tom ford :: essays research papers

TOM FORD Born in Texas in 1962, Tom Ford went on to become arguably the most influential designer of the last decade. Having initially trained as an actor, he studied interior architecture at Parsons School of Design until 1986, and went on to take positions at Perry Ellis and Cathy Hardwick, before joining Gucci in 1990. Ford was hired by Gucci's then creative director Dawn Mello as chief women's ready-to-wear designer, and later appointed design director. When, in 1994, Gucci was acquired by a Bahrain-based investment firm called Investcorp, Ford was promoted to creative director and moved to Milan with his partner, journalist Richard Buckley. In his first year at the helm, he was credited with putting the glamour back into fashion introducing Halston-style velvet hipsters, skinny satin shirts and car-finish metallic patent boots. In 1995, he brought in French stylist Carine Roitfeld and photographer Mario Testino to create a series of new, modern ad campaigns for the company. By 1999, the house, which had been almost bankrupt when Ford joined, was valued at about $4.3 billion. "We didn't even have a photocopier at one stage," he admits. "We didn't have any paper." In 2000, Ford was named Best International Designer at the first VH1/Vogue Awards in New York. After Gucci bought a controlling stake in Yves Saint Laurent, Ford was appointed creative director of YSL, too, and communications director of the house's ready-to-wear business, while continuing to design for Gucci. A mighty challenge certainly, but Ford was adamant he could keep the two labels distinct. "Historically, [Gucci] is Sophia Loren. Yves Saint Laurent is Catherine Deneuve. They're both sexy," he told British Vogue in February 2001. "It's just that Gucci is a little more obvious than Saint Laurent. The YSL woman might tie her boyfriend up and drip hot wax on him before they have sex, for instance. The Gucci woman is just going to have sex." Ford believes that he owes his success not to talent, but to his energy. He admits to sleeping just two or three hours per night, keeping post-it notes beside the bed in case he wakes up with an idea. "There are many more talented designers than me," he once told an audience at the V&A in London. "But I have a lot of drive and won't let it go." He also credits his "mainstream" appeal. "I'm lucky, I have mass-market tastes," he says. "When I say I like a shoe, generally thousands of people will like it.

Marcus Mosiah Garvey :: rastafarianism, reggae music

Marcus Mosiah Garvey was a powerful black revolutionary and race leader who influenced a great many people in his time and continues to do so through reggae music. Many of Marcus Garvey's lessons and ideals have found a voice in the lyrics of conscious reggae musicians past and present. From internationally famous musicians such as Bob Marley and Burning Spear, to the music and words of The Rastafari Elders, reggae musicians have found inspiration in Marcus Garvey. For many reggae musicians, their work is about more than music, it is a tool for teaching the masses. Peter Tosh at a concert in California told the audience the reason why he was there."Don't think I come here for entertainment. I and I come to flash lightening, earthquake, and thunder in these places of destruction and unrighteousness."2 Tosh and many musicians like him are taking reggae to a higher level, one where the musicians are prophets of Garvey and Rasta. Much of the teachings of reggae are based on a Rastafarian view, as this is the religion of many of the conscious reggae musicians that preach the Garvey message. Rastafarianism owes a lot to Marcus Garvey, as he is credited as the founder. The religion was born on the words"Look to Africa for the crowning of a Black king."3 They waited and in 1930, the prophecy was fulfilled when, Ras Tafari Mekonnen was crowned emperor of Ethiopia and took the name Haile Selassie. Working from the bible and their own interpretations of it, the Rastafarians found evidence to support their claim and a religion was born. Marcus Garvey is considered part of the Rastafari Trinity, and"is second only to Haile Selassie,"4 the Rastafari God. Whether singing directly about Marcus Mosiah Garvey, or about Rastafarianism, reggae musicians are helping to spread the teachings of this black prophet and revolutionary to millions of music listeners all over the world. Marcus Garvey was born in 1887 in the St. Ann's Parish in Jamaica. He came from a large, poor family and due to lack of money, when he was fourteen Garvey left school and became a printer's apprentice. By the age of eighteen he had become a master printer. Garvey had always been a quick learner and when he became the foreman of a printing company in Kingston, the capital of Jamaica,"he continued his education by reading extensively, taking advantage of the company library."5 However, Marcus Garvey's political feelings soon got in the way when the workers went on strike in 1909.

A Birthday Remembered Essay

Love is very complicated, not just butterflies in one’s stomach, but it also involves a lot of pain. The pain is not easy to drain. We have to confront ourselves with the pain and get over it, but that’s easier said than done. We restrain our feelings and try to forget them. This only causes an even bigger pain. That is the situation for Ellen, the main character in this short story. Ellen’s love life has been complicated, she is a lesbian and obliged to listen to people’s prejudices. Her one and only love, Jackie, dies caused by an incurable illness and she is not allowed to bury her â€Å"She has not been allowed to do this one last thing for Jackie. To be with her during the last rituals.† (l.24-25). Because of Jackie’s former husband, Roger, whom she has left to live with Ellen, but he could not accept his wife being a lesbian, because of his man-stubbornness and he even tried to declare her temporarily insane (l.15). Jackie’s daug hter on the other hand thinks that what Ellen and Jackie had was wonderful and beautiful, but you don’t know yet if she’s a lesbian herself or a heterosexual (l.102). The short story is written in third-person (l. 8) â€Å"why shouldn’t she?† The narrator is not omniscient, but we have inner-angel from Aunt El since we only â€Å"hear† thoughts from her, and not from Tobie or Warrick. (line. 104) â€Å"She felt the shock of the words†. You can’t really tell if the narrator is reliable or not, since we don’t know which connection he has to any of those in the story. Neither does he try to make anyone to seem like the â€Å"bad guy†, but the narrator is making us feel sorry for Aunt El, for her big lost Jackie. (L. 24 & 89) â€Å"She hadn’t been allowed to do this one last thing for Jackie† â€Å"but we have to get used to living without loved ones†. The language used in this short story is very well written and is very descriptive, because of all the adjectives being used, which makes the story way more â€Å"living†. (l. 12) â€Å"Roger had been furious, appalled and ang ry..† although the story is very well written it’s also a bit harsh to understand, because of some of all these adjectives and expressions. At line 37 there might be a flashback â€Å"here’s to you, Ellen Simms, on your birthday†. See more: The stages of consumer buying decision process essay The reason that this maybe could be a flashback is firstly because of the changing of the type, at only that sentence, which might give an account of her past together with Jackie before her death. One thing that was striking me was that the story is written in the preterit, but at the same time the narrator uses direct speech, which I think is a bit odd, since you normally writes the whole story in either present or the past, and very seldom a combination of the 2 indication of times. We have two main characters in this story, who’s Aunt El and Tobie: Aunt El / Ellen Simms is an old women who lives by herself. She used to be heterosexual and lived together with a man named Roger. They had a kid together named Tobie which is 15 years old. Ellen chooses to leave Roger because she’s changing her sexuality, and becomes a lesbian and falls in love with Jackie. But unfortunately Jackie died one year from now on, which leaves her alone with Tobie, and chooses to return back t o the father Roger. Ellen is a very obliging and kind person. She really misses her old flame Jackie, and cares a lot about Tobie whether her sexuality is heterosexual or lesbian (l. 83) â€Å"suppose it had been a girl? People choose who they want.† She seems considerate, when she offers Tobie and Warrick a hot cocoa, and remembers that young’s always are hungry and decides to make them some sandwiches. Tobie is daughter of Ellem Simms and the late Jackie. She’s 15 years old, but doesn’t have an abundance of friends (l. 20) â€Å"Tobie never had an abundance of friends†¦Ã¢â‚¬  She has short blond hair, had lineament from her father and a nice smile (l. 53-55). She cares about Ellen, since she’s the only one who shows up at her birthday and brings a present, which she has been saving money, for about a week. The way she earns these money is through her job in the library (l. 68) â€Å"I’m a library page after school..† helpful is also a good word, that would describe, which you can see in the story, when she offers her help to go and make cocoa together with Ellen. It seems she trusts Ellen more than her own father, since she decides to show Warrick for Ellen instead of her father. The message in this short story, is that pain will always be there, but only temporary, but at the same time hard to get over. That love is a big (maybe the biggest) part of our life and we should not regret, but remember the good times you’ve had with those you’ve loved. Don’t take anything in vain, live your life. And it doesn’t care if you are a heterosexual, lesbian or gay, just as long as you are happy. The title of this story is â€Å"a birthday remembered† which I guess is chosen because of all the emotional feelings that’s stepping in strength through this story and especially the quote from the daughters side â€Å"I hope it will be as wonderful and beautiful as what you and mom had together†.

Sexuality and Value Systems Checkpoint

Value Systems Answer the following: Which value system or systems discussed in the text do you most relate to? Explain your answer with at least a 200 word count. After reading the text, the most important value a person could have is the ability to have Sexual knowledge and critical thinking skills. This will allow us to be ready for whatever situation we might be put into and how we must react to conquer the situation.Everyone has different sexual value systems most of our systems have more than one preference. If I was to talk about myself, and who I am today I would say I been in a long term relationship have a child already so I know how important it is to be responsible. I am still young so I do not want any more children at the time being. That is why I and my girlfriend are safe we use protection, the type we use is birth control.Both of us are not against abortions, and we both believe if it has to be one do it. Everyone embraces a wide variety of sexual encounters and the s exual values we develop are uniquely designed for our individuality. I would say that I am more modern and open when it comes to sex. I like to experiment and try new things that can not only pleasure myself, but my sexually partner. In return I feel this allows both of us to be satisfied with one another and that is what keeps our intimate bond strong.I have never been one to Judge people who prefer to have sex after marriage I m not one of them though. I have always been about premarital sex within a relationship, but also outside of them too. I was shy growing up, so I did not have many girlfriends so my sexual encounters were mostly a one night fling. I been with my girlfriend for quite some time now In the beginning a relationship was something new to me. I never thought that my sexual values would change, and I would be as accepting and happy as I am.

Blanche and Stanley in a Streetcar Named Desire Essay

Blanche and Stanley, two characters of Tenessee Williams’ play A Streetcar Named Desire, represent two very conflicting personalities. Stanley, Blanche’s sister Stella’s aggressive husband, portrays strong tones of anger, rage, and frustration. However, although his behavior is without a doubt over-bearing and rough, in a way he displays realism and truth as well. On the other hand, the play’s true protagonist Blanche exerts enthusiasm, spunk, and elaborate nostalgia. These characteristics don’t really come out in a positive or attractive way, but instead verify her insanity near the play’s end. Together, Blanche and Stanley represent true inner conflict, each in their own way, and the tension among the two is an exciting and driving force to be reckoned with. Stanley exudes the stereotypical â€Å"wife beater† husband of the 1930s. Dressed almost always in the era’s staple guiney-tee, his rash actions and aggressive episodes towards his wife are frightening to say the least. On the surface, he seems to despise the fact that Blanche is always around, intruding on his and Stella’s life together. Multiple times throughout the play he throws a fit, destructing the kitchen table, bedroom, or whatever he can get his hands on. His crudeness towards Stella is arguably a portrayal of his self-deemed superiority over women. However, despite his awful rage and somewhat abusive actions, Stanley amazingly represents a good trait as well. His morals are all about honesty, truthfulness, and realism. He really clashes with Blanche so much because she is so fixated on the past, and it drives him towards ultimate frustration because he’s such a realist. Each time Blanche brings up a thing of her past, he fills with rage and goes off on one of his trademarked episodes. Therefore, on the surface Stanley’s rough personality definitely is a tough wall to see past, but his actions really come from his â€Å"honesty policy†, and his realism. With that said, Blanche’s personality is uniquely opposite than the hard, rough, â€Å"real life† Stanley. Blanche is a beautiful woman of her mid-thirties who basically is experiencing a mid-life crisis a bit too early. Her â€Å"perfect life† comes crashing down after losing her young husband, estate, and money. With this, she can’t seem to really accept much in her current life, but instead lives through the past. By living with her sister, Stella, she imposes intrusion without really realizing it on her and Stanley’s lives, and even though she could start over and create a life of her own, she can’t really let go and move on. She is even proposed by Stanley’s sensitive poker friend Mitch, but she refuses him. Mitch represented to me Blanche’s last glimmer of hope, and when she denies him in marriage, the rest is a downward spiral. As the play progresses from there on out, Blanche’s sanity slowly deteriorates more and more. It becomes evident that she has a drinking problem, and liquor becomes her go-to aid for all mental problems she begins to have. One scene I found interesting was when she asked a young suitor who comes to her house to deliver something for a kiss. I felt in kissing this younger man she was testing her charm and lust skills, which she obviously believes to be useless and rusty, for lack of a better word. When the young man leaves and she quickly becomes embarrassed, it is established that she just isn’t the young girl she used to be, and that she must move on to make the most of what she is left with in life.

Health Provider and Faith Diversity

Health Care Provider and Faith Diversity Health Care Provider and Faith Diversity Delia Stoica Grand Canyon University: HLT-310V February 4, 2012 Abstract The following paper describes three different religions: Judaism, Islam and Hinduism. It will detail the spiritual perspective on healing that all three of the faiths have. A description of what is important to their healing and what is important for the healthcare provider to know in caring for people of these faiths. Also there will be a summary of how these faiths differ from Christianity. Introduction The United States is known as a â€Å"melting pot†.This is due to all the different nationalities and faiths that are seen in our country. As healthcare providers we are faced with trying to understand all the different cultures we encounter on a daily basis in a hospital setting. There are many different faiths, some are well known such as Christianity and some are not quite so known such as Hinduism. Different faiths have different rules and regulations that they follow. Knowing all the intricate ins and outs of every religion is going to be impossible, but that should not stop someone from trying to learn all they can regarding the patients they are caring for.Everyone has probably heard of Judaism, Islam and Hinduism, but that does not mean that a nurse or physician would know all the things that would be different in regards to caring for patients of these different faiths. Hinduism Hinduism is the third largest religion in the world. There are six major philosophies in the Hindu religion. One of the major one is Vedanta. Vedanta teaches that â€Å" that man's real nature is divine, and that the aim of human life is to realize divinity through selfless work, devotion to God, control of the inner forces, and discrimination between the real and the unreal.It recognizes that Truth is one and accepts all religions, properly understood, as valid means of realizing the truth (Guidelines, 2002)†. Hindus believe that the body is just a vehicle for the soul, and that when the body dies the soul transfers to another body until it can finally get to be united with God. They recognize that death is a natural part of life and the true self does not die when the body dies. There are a lot of things that the religion accepts which are part of the Western medical practices.Seeking medical attention is something that Hindus will do, but they believe that Western medicines tends to overmedicate their patients, especially with antibiotics which could make them hesitant to start an aggressive treatment plan. Some people of this religion may practice Ayurvedo or homeopathy to cure some problems. This religion allows for blood transfusions and organ transplantation/donations. There is no rule against performing an autopsy if needed. Because this religion practices modesty, women may prefer to be examined by a physician of the same sex.Hindus are very social and family oriented. It is impo rtant that the family be involved in the treatment and care of the patient. Women of the Hindu religion wear a red dot on their forehead to symbolize that they are married, some also wear necklaces, bracelets or toe-rings, which are not to be taken off, this is something that needs to be considered if there is a need for a procedure such as an MRI that requires all metals to be removed. Men of this faith wear a â€Å"sacred thread† which is never supposed to be removed.Many Hindus are strict vegetarians and will not eat beef or beef products, if at all possible they should be allowed to bring food from home unless there is a dietary restriction. In situations where there is an end-of-life issue, family needs to be very involved. Hindus do not believe in artificially prolonging life and may prefer to die at home. Because Hindus practice cremation and it needs to be done within 24 hours of death it is critical that all the paperwork is in order quickly. Judaism Judaism is one o f the oldest religions still around today.There are Orthodox and non-Orthodox Jewish followers. Orthodox Jews strictly follow all traditional laws of the religion. The faith holds medical practitioners in high regards and even may break some rules if medical experts believe that it may be life saving. Most Jewish people observe the Sabbath, which is from sundown on Friday to sundown on Saturday, in which they are not allowed to work. In this regard a Jewish patient would not be able to write, use the button for a PCA pump, drive or even turn on a light switch. As healthcare ractitioners we need to keep that in mind when caring for patients during this time. The food they eat is â€Å"kosher† foods, which means that there are special ways of preparing beef. Pork, fish and gelatin are not allowed and neither is beef and milk together. Care needs to be taken with preparation of these foods for these patients, as healthcare providers we need to keep in mind that this is not just an issue of them being picky but an extremely important part of their religion. Men in this religion may wear yarmulkes â€Å"skull caps† during prayer and some may wear it all the time (Handbook, 2000).We need to make allowances for up to 10 people in the room during prayer. When dealing with end-of-life issues there are deep debates regarding withholding or withdrawing of life-saving therapy and families may want to consult a rabbi before making any decisions. The Jewish faith requires that burials happen quickly after death and autopsies at not permitted unless required by law. There is a requirement that a family member or representative of the family remain with the body at all times after death until burial, and also that amputated limbs be available for burial.Islam The Islamic religion is slowly becoming one of the largest religions out there. People who follow the Islamic religion are known as Muslims. Islam believes are â€Å" that all events, including health even ts, are the will of God, Muslim patients may be more likely to display acceptance of difficult circumstances and be compliant with the instructions of health care providers (Healthcare Providers, 2010)†. It is believed that the preservation of life overrides all guidelines, rules and restrictions.This faith requires extreme modesty and for men all body parts between the naval and knees need to be covered, for woman all but the face, hands and feet should be covered at all times when in the presence of anyone outside their family. Muslims are required to pray five times a day on a prayer mat facing Mecca. Patients that are ill can be excused from prayer if it is medically deemed that it is detrimental to their health. Patients are required by their faith to perform ablution with water before prayers and after urination and defecation. Islamic rule is that you use your left hand for dirty and right hand for clean duties.Muslims will prefer to use their right hand to eat and as a healthcare provider if you are feeding a Muslim patient it is preferred that you also use your right hand. Islam has a very strict rule regarding consumption of certain foods. Foods that are not permitted include pork, or pork derivatives and alcohol or alcohol containing foods. This could be a problem when giving certain medication that contains pork or alcohol. Providers should be aware of the medication given to a patient that is Muslim in order for them to follow the halal diet.Islam sees death as a natural part of life. They do not require treatment to be provided if it will only prolong a terminal illness. During end-of-life care, families may want to pray with the patient at bedside. This religion forbids autopsies, unless required by law. In the Islamic faith, burial needs to happen as soon as possible after death. The body should be washed by a family member or representative of the family and not by hospital staff, the body also needs to be covered by a sheet and face Mec ca if at all possible. Comparing and ContrastingThe previous religions discussed all have certain rules that need to be followed when it comes to dealing with healthcare. Christianity in general does not put any restrictions on healthcare providers. Certain Christian faiths such as Jehovah’s Witnesses do not allow blood transfusions because they feel it is not part of their body. The three religions discussed feel that anything that can be done to safe the person should be done and that life is important. Interestingly enough Hinduism, Judaism and Islamic faiths all have restrictions on food that they deem unclean.The only Christian faiths that have restrictions on food are Catholics and Orthodox Christians, which do not eat meat during Passover. There are many differences between Christianity and other faiths and not too many similarities when it comes to healthcare. Conclusion In doing the research for this paper, there have been a lot of good points brought up in regards t o taking care of patients that are of a different faith than myself. It is extremely important to me as a person and as a nurse to know who my patients are and what their beliefs and faiths are.In order to be able to take care of a patient, physically and emotionally we need to know the restrictions that we may face in our everyday dealings with them. Working in a hospital that sees an enormous amount of people from all over the world it is important to keep religion and culture in mind when providing care. Being able to do research and finding all the rules and requirements is a great educational tool to use and will make your patients more apt to trust you if they see that you understand where they are coming from. References Bennion, R. (2000). Handbook on cultural, spiritual and religious beliefs.South Devon Healthcare. Retrieved February 3, 2012 from www. e-radiography. net/nickspdf/Handbook%20on%20beliefs. pdf Guidelines for health care providers interacting with patients of t he Hindu religion and their families. (2002). Metropolitan Chicago Healthcare Council. Retrieved February 3, 2012 from info. kyha. com/documents/CG-Hindu. pdf Healthcare providers handbook on Muslim patients. (2010). Queensland Health and Islamic Council of Queensland. Retrieved February 3, 2012 from http://www. health. qld. gov. au/multicultural/health_workers/hbook-muslim.